Focal cerebral thrombosis

Since the early 1980s, much effort has focused on animal models of acute and chronic neurodegeneration in search of therapeutics for stroke. Neuronal cell death follows strokes, acute ischemic insults, and chronic neurodegeneration, such as Parkinson s disease, Alzheimer s disease (AD), epilepsy, and Huntington s disease. Up to 80% of all strokes result from focal infarcts and ischemia in the middle cerebral artery (MCA), so the commonly used animal models for neuroprotection are produced by temporary or permanent occlusion of the MCA.5 Lesions of the MCA include occlusion by electrocoagulation, intraluminal monofilaments, photochemical effects, thrombosis, and endothelin-1, but all of these models necessitate studying reperfusion events and validating MCA occlusion by behavioral assessments. 

Cerebrovascular Carotid spasm Compromise of ECA ostium Hyperfusion syndrome Contrast encephalopathy Transient symptomatic cerebral ischemia Global Focal Carotid dissection Carotid perforation Hyperperfusion syndrome Acute stent thrombosis Major ischemic stroke Cerebral hemorrhage... 

Transient ischemic attack. An acute loss of focal brain or monocular function with symptoms lasting less than 24-hours and which is thought to be caused by inadequate cerebral or ocular blood supply as a result of arterial thrombosis, low flow or embolism associated with arterial, cardiac or hematological disease (Hatano 1976). 

Neurological involvement in Behcet s disease may be subclassified into two major forms a vascular-inflammatory process with focal or multifocal parenchymal involvement and a cerebral venous sinus thrombosis with intracranial hypertension. The vasculitis and meningitis may affect cerebral arteries, particularly in the posterior circulation, to cause ischemic stroke and possibly intracranial hemorrhage (Farah et al. 1998 Krespi et al 2001 Siva et al. 2004 Borhani Haghighi et al. 2005). 

Cerebrospinal fluid is often abnormal in cerebral venous thrombosis the pressure is usually raised and there may be elevated protein and pleocytosis, especially in patients with focal signs. Lumbar puncture may be indicated in patients with isolated intracranial hypertension in order to lower cerebrospinal fluid pressure when vision is threatened and to exclude meningeal infection. 

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) is a rare condition that affects 3 per 1,000,000, approximately 0.5% of all adult stroke cases (Table 7.9) [138, 139]. The most common presenting signs and symptoms are headache, seizures, vomiting, and papilledema. Visual changes, altered consciousness, cranial nerve palsies, nystagmus, and focal neurologic deficits are also... 

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