Brain fluids

Ovarian hormones influence fluid intake by interaction with the brain renin-angiotensin system and it has been shown that gonadal steroids affect brain fluid-electrolyte balance by interactions with vasopressin. Both hyperos-molarity and increased intracranial pressure stimulate vasopressin release and intraperitoneal administration of vasopressin antagonists decrease brain volume. 

Farad FM, Heistad DD (1992) Does basal production of nitric oxide contribute to regulation of brain-fluid balance Am J Physiol 262 H340-H344... 

Water Homeostasis in the Brain Physiology of the Brain Fluids. 127... 

Romanic AM, White RF, Arleth AJ, Ohlstein EH, Barone FC (1998) Matrix metalloproteinase expression increases after cerebral focal ischemia in rats inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 reduces infarct size. Stroke 29 1020-1030 Rosenberg GA (1990) Brain fluids and metabolism. Oxford University Press, New York, NY Rosenberg GA (2002) Matrix metaUoproteinases in neuroinflammation. Glia 39 279-291 Rosenberg GA (2009) Matrix metaUoproteinases and their multiple roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Lancet Neurol 8 205-216... 

Broadwell RD, Banks WA (1993) Cell biological perspective for the transcytosis of peptides and proteins through the mammalian blood-brain fluid baniers. hr The Blood-Brain Banier (Pardridge WM, ed), pp 165—199. New York Raven Press, Ltd. 

JA Masucci, ME Ortegon, WJ Jones, RP Shank, GW Caldwell. In vivo microdialysis and liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry of the novel anticonvul-sant 2,3 4,5-bis-0-(l-methylethylidene)-beta-D-ffuctopyra-nose sulfamate (topira-mate) in rat brain fluid. J Mass Spectrom 33 85—88, 1998. 

In an attempt to improve the selectivity of local dopamine measurements in the complex extracellular matrix of brain fluid, an implantable enzyme-based dopamine microbiosensor has been constructed based on the immobilization of tyrosinase in a thin-film chitosan coating of carbon-fiber disc microelectrodes [357]. o-Dopaquinone, which is the product of the tyrosinase reaction with dopamine, was monitored via its reduction at the modified microelectrode surface. The application of these cathodic tyrosinase dopamine microbiosensors was reported for the continuous real-time in vivo visualization of electrically stimulated dopamine release in the brain of anesthetized laboratory rats. Remarkably, due to the cathodic potential the sensor response was not significantly disturbed by the presence of typical interferences such as ascorbic and uric acid, serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. 

Teichberg VI, Cohen-Kashi-Malina K, Cooper I et al (2009) Homeostasis of glutamate in brain fluids an accelerated brain-to-blood efflux of excess glutamate is produced by blood glutamate scavenging and offers protection from neuropathologies. Neuroscience 158 301-308... 

CSF is not a homogeneous fluid, but is derived from various sources. It is therefore relevant to consider if only in a brief fashion, the source of the various brain fluids, each of which will contribute relatively different amounts of analytes. Studies on the origin of CSF are conveniently described under the four classical headings of anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and pathology. 

When trying to analyze more complex samples, the versatility, sensitivity, and the more extensive positive identification power of tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) is increasingly being utihzed for the analysis of neurotransmitters. These capabilities were highlighted for the measurement of several neurotransmitters and cocaine in brain fluids. 

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