Ceramic pipe

SELECTION OF CERAMIC PIPING FOR COAL SLURRIES IN A COAL LIOUEFACTION PLANT... 

Case Studies Compressed air tank Ceramic piping Polymeric packaging Composite drive shaft Tooth coatings... 

Several reactors based on Ti02 catalytic systems have been described for the phototreatment of wastewater, such as Pt/Ti02-coated ceramics pipes , systems using potassium modified Ti02 and a batch reactor using either Ti02 and air or peroxide and solar... 

The main problem proved to be the mechanical stability and the electrical screening of both electrode wires. Small, thin ceramic pipes proved to give the wires sufficient mechanical stability and electrical insulation. A thin (0.1 mm.) brass pipe around both ceramic pipes and the quartz glass sample holder provides the necessary electrical screening. Both electrodes were connected with a voltage supply and an electrometer as shown in Figure 5.1. 

Ceramic pipes Chemically resistant Sewage pipes, underground conduits... 

Acid resistant container Wax coated pipe or can, ceramic pipe, glass jar, etc. Heavy-walled glass containers... 

Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microspheres were carbonized on ceramic membrane to fabricate activated carbon membrane for coke furnace wastewater treatment [15]. A ceramic tube was dipped into a polymer latex containing 70 wt% PVDC and PVA microspheres of 0.10-0.15 pm to form aggregates of polymeric microspheres on and within (within pores of) the ceramic pipe. The precinsor was heated at 300°C and further to 750°C for carbonization. Major decomposition of the polymeric precursor seems to occur at 300°C. By nitrogen adsorption applying Horvath and Kowazoe method the membrane was found to have micropores of 0.7-0.8 run in diameter and meso-pores of 2-20 nm. Hence, the membrane has bimodal pore size distribution. The molecular weight cutoff of the membrane was ca. 10,000 Dalton. 

Liquids. Liquids usually are moved through pipelines (qv) by pumps. Special alloys, plastic pipe and liners, glass, and ceramics are widely employed in the chemical industry for transport of corrosive hquids. Care is required in making the connections, to prevent exposure of unprotected metal such as flanges and bolts to the corrosive material inside the piping. 

Pipes, valves, fittings, and almost all other components of small equipment are now available in plastic or ceramics, which do not corrode in salt water and are less expensive than the metals now used. Synthetic detergents are now available for use with seawater, although a final rinse with freshwater may be desired. Saltwater sewage can be treated successfully. Dual water systems using freshwater and seawater are already in use on ships and in many island resort hotels. Many of these also have seawater systems for fire fighting. This trend will grow. 

Carbon disulfide is normally stored and handled in mild steel equipment. Tanks and pipes are usually made from steel. Valves are typically cast-steel bodies with chrome steel trim. Lead is sometimes used, particularly for pressure reUef disks. Copper and copper alloys are attacked by carbon disulfide and must be avoided. Carbon disulfide Hquid and vapor become very corrosive to iron and steel at temperatures above about 250°C. High chromium stainless steels, glass, and ceramics maybe suitable at elevated temperatures. 

Cascade coolers are a series of standard pipes, usually manifolded in parallel, and connected in series by vertically or horizontally oriented U-bends. Process fluid flows inside the pipe entering at the bottom and water trickles from the top downward over the external pipe surface. The water is collected from a trough under the pipe sections, cooled, and recirculated over the pipe sections. The pipe material can be any of the metallic and also glass, impeiMous graphite, and ceramics. The tubeside coefficient and pressure drop is as in any circular duct. The water coefficient (with Re number less than 2100) is calculated from the following equation by W.H. McAdams, TB. Drew, and G.S. Bays Jr., from the ASME trans. 62, 627-631 (1940). 

There has been a rapid growth of the demand for plastics from less than 20 billion pounds in 1970 to nearly 50 billion pounds consumed in the United States in 1986, mostly due to the substitution of traditional raw materials. All over the world, plastics have replaced metals, glass, ceramics, wood papers, and natural fibers in a wide variety of industries including packaging, consumer products, automobiles, building and construction, electronics and electrical equipment, appliances, furniture, piping, and heavy industrial equipment [57-121]. Consumption patterns of PBAs in some countries are shown in Tabies 1 and 2. 

Ceramic, plastic and other non-metal tower shells are used quite often (Figures 9-3, 4, and 5). It is important to consider in ceramic construction that the main inlet or outlet nozzles or any other large connections should be oriented 90° to each other to reduce the possibility of cracking the walls, as most cracks go one-half diameter. Preferably there should only be one nozzle at any one horizontal plane. The nozzles should never carry any piping or other stress load. 

Flexadrain Joint, developed by the National Salt Glazed Pipe Man. Assn, and British Ceramic Research Assn. 

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