Central processor time

Table V. CDC 6400 Central Processor Times to Run CsHg + NO - - A/ Chamber Experiment Simulation...

All of the structures tackled have been refined by least squares methods and, with few exceptions, by full-matrix least squares methods. The total computing investment over the past three years amounts to approximately 300 hours of central-processor time on a CDC-6400. When the necessary calculations have exceeded the capacity of the CDC-6400 (about 250 variables), we have turned to a remote hookup with the CDC-7600 at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. 

The basic input to STR is the translational vectors spanning the unit cell of the crystal, and the basis vectors giving the positions of the individual atoms in the cell. With this information STR may in principle be used to calculate canonical structure constants of any crystal structure, the only limitation being that central processor time grows rapidly as the number of atoms per cell is increased. 

In contrast to the large number of theoretical studies, extremely few computer simulation studies of nonadditivity effects have been performed. This dearth of simulation work is due to the prohibitively large amount of central processor time required to sample N(N-l)(N-2)/3I triplets in a system of N particles. Barker and coworkers (11) have used both Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics to estimate three body contributions to... 

The input could be from a PC (personal computer), as in word processing, but could equally well be from an instrument the output could be to a video screen, a printer, or to the same or another instrument (Figure 42.9). All these functions are organized by the central processor in so-called real time, i.e., virtually immediately. 

Movement of information in a computer could be likened to a railway system. Carriers of information (bits or bytes) move together (like a train and wagons) from one location to another along electronic tracks. It is important that no two bits of information are mixed up, and therefore all the moves must be carefully synchronized with a clock. This situation resembles the movement of trains on a railway many trains use the same track but are not all in the same place at the same time. The railways run to a timetable. Similarly, information is moved around the computer under the control of the central processor unit (CPU). 

The central processor (CP) time is based on a CDC Cyber 73 computer. 

The speed of the computer system is generally cited in terms of the number of machine operations that are capable of occurring within a certain period of time. Many times this is listed as the number of cycles per second (hertz) that the central processor unit can operate at. 

The considerable time and space required for malting, and industry standardization of this process, has led to its virtual takeover by large, centrally located malting companies. Dried malt of various grades is shipped from the central processor to order, as required by individual brewers. 

This model was first described by Musa in 1975. It assumes that faUmes occur as a nonhomogeneous Poisson process. The units of failure intensity are failures per central processing unit (CPU) time. This relates failure events to the processor time used by the software. In the BETM, the reduction in the failure intensity function remains constant, irrespective of whether the first or the Mh failure is being fixed. 

The activities of the central processor are cyclical. The processor fetches an instruction, performs the operations required, fetches the next instruction, and so on. Such an orderly sequence of events requires timing, and the CPU therefore contains a free-running oscillator clock, which... 

On the hardware side, other speedup strategies are essentially based on the simple idea that since hardware is becoming less and less expensive, one may use many processing units instead of only one and split up the job. Parallelization and clustering strategies belong to this family either the central processors carry out many calculations at the same time, as in parallel machines, or physically separate machines actually load different parts of the total job, as happens in clusters, which may nowadays contain up to 50-100 computers. In both cases the big problem is the synchronization... 

Central processor station (CPS) is the heart of the product. As a rule, we make use of the central time synchronization or distributed time synchronization. The CPS is housed in a COTS 19-inch rack and the rack type is chosen to allow... 

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