Central nervous system , insecticides

People who should not work with organophosphate insecticides are those with organic central nervous system disease, mental disorders, epilepsy, pronounced endocrine disorders, respiratory conditions, cardiovascular diseases, circulatory disorders, gastroenteric diseases, liver or kidney disease, and chronic conjunctivitis and keratitis (Medved and Kagan 1983). 

Dille JR, Smith WS. 1964. Central nervous system effects of chronic exposure to organophosphate insecticides. Aerospace Medicine May 475-478. 

Hahn T, Ruhnke M, Luppa H. 1991. Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by the organophosphorus insecticide methyl parathion in the central nervous system of the golden hamster i Mesocricetus aumtus). Acta Histochem (Jena) 91 13-19. 

Neonicotinoids are potent broad-spectrum insecticides that exhibit contact, stomach and systemic activity. Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiamethoxam and thiacloprid are representatives of the neonicotinoid insecticides (Figure 1). The mechanism of action is similar to that of nicotine, acting on the central nervous system causing irreversible blocking of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). Neonicotinoid insecticides are often categorized as antagonists of the... 

Broadly speaking herbivorous animals (guinea-pig excepted) show cardiac symptoms and carnivores develop central nervous system convulsions or depression with omnivores both heart and central nervous system may be affected. Cold-blooded vertebrates are usually less sensitive to fluoroacetate, but frogs are more sensitive in summer than in winter.2 Fish appear to be insensitive to fluoroacetate dissolved in water.3 Insects are easily killed by fluoroacetate, and the use of sodium fluoroacetate as a systemic insecticide is described on p. 182. 

Cyclodiene insecticides produce intense nerve excitation in both vertebrate and invertebrate species (Matsumura 1985 Matsumura and Tanaka 1984). It has been suggested that the biochemical mechanisms by which these chemicals induce hyperexcitation in the central nervous system are due to the release of neurotransmitters caused by the interactions of the insecticide with the picrotoxinin receptor. 

Pesticides are used to kill household insets, rats, cockroaches, and other pests. Pesticides can be classified based on their chemical nature or use as organophosphates, carbonates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, bipyridyls, coumarins and indandiones, rodenticides, fungicides, herbicides, fumigants, and miscellaneous insecticides. The common adverse effects are irritation of the skin, eyes, and upper respiratory tract. Prolonged exposure to some chemicals may cause damage to the central nervous system and kidneys [32,33]. 

Toxicology. Endrin is an insecticide with high acute toxicity that primarily affects the central nervous system. 

Lindane, the y-isomer of HCH, is a potent insecticide. Its insecticidal action is due to a hyperexcitatory effect on the insect s central nervous system induced by accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic region 73). We prepared a number of analogs in which some of the chlorine atoms are replaced by other substituents while maintaining the -configuration and determined their insecticidal activity against mosquitos74,). 

Substituted phenothiazines are antihistaminics and show powerful depressant effects on the central nervous system. Two well-known drugs of this type are promethazine (287) and chloropromazine (288). Phenothiazine itself is a veterinary anthelmintic agent as well as an insecticide, and methylene blue (284 R = Me) has long been used as a biological stain. 

Psilocybin is a neurotoxin that targets the central nervous system and serotonin receptors in the brain when it is ingested. It is believed that the mushroom produces this bitter toxin as an insecticide to protect itself from predators. 

In spite of the smaller ratio of nicotinic to muscarinic receptors in the brain, nicotine and lobeline (Figure 7-3) have important effects on the brainstem and cortex. The mild alerting action of nicotine absorbed from inhaled tobacco smoke is the best-known of these effects. In larger concentrations, nicotine induces tremor, emesis, and stimulation of the respiratory center. At still higher levels, nicotine causes convulsions, which may terminate in fatal coma. The lethal effects on the central nervous system and the fact that nicotine is readily absorbed form the basis for the use of nicotine as an insecticide. Dimethylphenylpiperazinium (DMPP), a synthetic nicotinic stimulant used in research is relatively free of these central effects because it does not cross the blood-brain barrier. 

The tobacco compound nicotine has been used as an insecticide for over 200 years. It is especially effective against sucking insects, such as aphids, and has excellent contact activity. Related compounds are neonicotinoids (e.g., imidacloprid), which have similar insecticidal activity, but are less toxic to mammals. Nicotine and imidacloprid mimic the action of acetylcholine, which is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in an insect s central nervous system. The action of acetylcholine is stopped by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which rapidly breaks down acetylcholine. Nicotine and imidacloprid are also neuroexcitatory, but do so persistendy, since they are not affected by acetylcholinesterase. Overstimulation of the nervous system often leads to convulsions, paralysis, and death. 

This chemical is used for the control of cone worms, seed bugs, seed worms, and other insects and mites. The USEPA has classified bifenthrin as toxicity class II, meaning it is moderately toxic.4,5 Bifenthrin is a member of the pyrethroid chemical class. It is an insecticide and acaricide that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and causes paralysis in insects.6,7 It is highly toxic to fish and aquatic organisms. 

Insecticide affecting the synapses in insects central nervous system... 

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