Central nervous system brain

Mizuno T, Kawanokuchi J, Numata K, Suzumura A (2003) Production and neuroprotective functions of fractalkine in the central nervous system. Brain Res 979(l-2) 65-70 Monteiro de Almeida S, Letendre S, Zimmerman J, Kolakowski S, Lazzaretto D, McCutchan JA, Ellis R (2006) Relationship of CSF leukocytosis to compartmentalized changes in MCP-1/ CCL2 in the CSF of HIV-infected patients undergoing interruption of antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroimmunol 179(1-2) 180-185... 

Henriksen G, Willoch P (2008) Imaging of opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Brain 131 1171-1196... 

Mizuno T, Kawanokuchi J, Numata K, et al. Production and neuroprotective functions of fractalkine in the central nervous system. Brain Res 2003 979 65-70. 

Sakata, Y., Owada, Y., Sato, K. et al. Structure and expression of the glycine cleavage system in rat central nervous system. Brain Res. Mol. BrainRes. 94 119-130, 2001. 

Exposure to endrin can cause various harmful effects including death and severe central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) injury. Swallowing large amounts of endrin (more than 0.2 mg/kg of body weight) may cause convulsions and kill you in a few minutes or hours. 

The blood-brain barrier forms the interface between the bloodstream and the brain parenchyma and thus controls the passage of endogenous substances and xenobiotics into and out of the central nervous system. Brain microvessels exhibit a variety of unique structural features, such as an extremely tight endothelium without fenestration, a very low rate of pinocytosis, tight junctions between endothelial cells excluding paracellular permeability, and a series of polarized transport proteins. The following chapter describes the structural and functional characteristics of the blood-brain barrier with emphasis on transport proteins, as well as in vitro techniques, which allow studying this complex barrier in the brain. 

Lodge D, Johnston GA, Curtis DR, Brand SJ. (1977). Effects of the Areca nut constituents arecaidine and guvacine on the action of GABA in the cat central nervous system. Brain Res. 136(3) 513-22. 

Hawkes C, Kar S. 2004. The insulin-like growth factor-II/ mannose-6-phosphate receptor structure, distribution and function in the central nervous system. Brain Res Rev 44 117-140. 

Vallejo YE, Buisson B, Bertrand D, Green WN (2005) Chronic nicotine exposure upregulates nicotinic receptors by a novel mechanism. J Neurosci 25 5563-5572 Vemino S, Amador M, Luetje CW, Patrick J, Dani JA (1992) Calcium modulation and high calcium permeability of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuron 8 127-134 Vizi ES, Lendvai B (1999) Modulatory role of presynaptic nicotinic receptors in synaptic and non-synaptic chemical communication in the central nervous system. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 30 219-235... 

In the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), capillary endo-theUa lack pores and there is little transcytotic activity. In order to cross the blood-brain barrier, drugs must diffuse transcellularly, i.e., penetrate the luminal and basal membrane of endothelial cells. Drug movement along this path requires specific physicochemical properties (p. 26) or the presence of a transport mechanism (e.g., L-dopa, p. 188). Thus, the blood-brain barrier is permeable only to certain types of drugs. 

Although the nervous system is often discussed in terms of peripheral and central components, it should be regarded as a highly integrated whole in which the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) plays a critical information gathering and processing role. The peripheral nervous system is often divided into the autonomic and somatic components. The somatic system controls the voluntary functions of the body, like those of the skeletal muscles. The... 

Vincent, J.P., Cavey, D., Kamenka, J,M., Geneste, P., and Lazdunski, M. Interaction of phencyclidine with the muscarinic and opiate receptors in the central nervous system. Brain Res. 152 176-182, 1978. 

Miller, M.W., Nowakowski, R.S. (1988). Use of bromodeoxyuridine-immunohistochemistry to examine the proliferation, migration and time of origin of cells in the central nervous system. Brain Res, 457, 44-52. 

Recently developed drugs, known as ampakines, have been clinically shown to enhance learning and memory skills. These "smart pills" are being developed as a possible treatment for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and Alzheimer s disease. Once approved by the FDA, physicians can prescribe them for off-label uses, such as jet lag or age-related forgetfulness.These agents act primarily within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and they do not cause the jitteriness commonly associated with caffeine or amphetamines. 

Roghani A, Shirzadi A, Kohan SA, Edwards RH, Butcher LL (1996) Differential distribution of the putative vesicular transporter for acetylcholine in the rat central nervous system. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 43 65-76. 

Gerard C, Martres MP, Lefevre K, et al. Immuno-localization of serotonin 5-HT6 receptor-like material in the rat central nervous system. Brain Res 1997 746 207-219. 

Cowan WM, Gottlieb DI, Hendrickson AE, Price JL, Woolsey TA (1972) The autoradiographic demonstration of axonal connections in the central nervous system. Brain Res 37 21-51. 

Fink RP, Heimer L (1967) Two methods for selective silver impregnation of degenerating axons and their synaptic endings in the central nervous system. Brain Res 4 369-374. 

Ladenheim EE, Jensen RT, Mantey SA, Moran TH (1992) Distinct distributions of two bombesin receptor subtypes in the rat central nervous system. Brain Res 595 168-178. 

Tanaka, D., Jr., Bursian, S.J., Lehning, E.J., Aulerich, R.J. (1990). Exposure to triphenyl phosphite results in widespread degeneration in the mammalian central nervous system. Brain Res. 531 294-8. 

Hailer NP, Heppner FL, Haas D, Nitsch R (1998) Astrocytic factors deactivate antigen presenting cells that invade the central nervous system. Brain Pathol 8 459 74. 

Swartz KR, Liu F, Sewell D, Schochet T, Campbell 1, Sandor M, Fabry Z (2001) Interleukin-6 promotes post-traumatic healing in the central nervous system. Brain Res 896 86-95. 

Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)... 

Inhalants Inhalants are volatile hydrocarbons and aerosols used to dispense chemicals that create a euphoric effect when inhaled. Euphoria can last a few minutes or several hours. Repeated used can lead to loss of consciousness and heart failure. There are no specific antidotes therefore, side effects are treated symptomatically. Long-term use damages the liver, kidney, central nervous system, brain, and bone marrow and induces hearing loss and peripheral neuropathy (numbness, tingling). Commonly used inhalants are ... 

Lee G, Dallas S, Hong M, Bendayan R. 2001. Drug transporters in the central nervous system brain barriers and brain parenchyma considerations. Pharmacol. Rev. 53 569-96... 

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