Central and Eastern Europe

Source Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution 2005 for SO and NO, data (accessed via http //webdab.emep.int/) World Bank 2005 for GDP data in constant 2000 US.  

In addition to economic restructuring, air pollution policies adopted in the early transition period contributed to a steeper decline in emissions by the end of the 1990s than was anticipated by CEE governments as economically feasible. This allowed transition countries to agree under the 1999 Multi-Pollutant Protocol to high emission reductions compared to 1990 levels, which however did not require huge reductions of the then current 1999 levels, or policies significantly different to those already adopted or slated for implementation (Table 8.1). 

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The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported are Advanced Study Institutes and Advanced Research Workshops, and the NATO Science Series collects together the results of these meetings. The meetings are co-organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO s Partner countries—countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe. 

Williams-Thorpe, O., S. E. Warren, and J. G. Nandis (1997), Characterization of obsidian sources and artefacts from central and eastern Europe, using instrumental neutron activation analysis, in Korek, J. (ed.), Proc. Int. Conf. Lithic Raw Material Characterization, Budapest and Siimeg, 1996, Budapest. 

Rye Breads. The British consumer, in general, does not like the taste of rye bread. Most of the rye bread made in the UK is for the benefit of immigrant communities that traditionally eat rye bread. In Scandinavia, Central and Eastern Europe, rye breads are eaten as a delicacy not as a substitute for wheat bread. It has been recorded that the Vikings brought rye bread to Britain but they were an immigrant group. 

Williams, O. (1978). A Study of Obsidian in Prehistoric Central and Eastern Europe, and Its Trace Element Characterization. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Postgraduate School of Studies in Physics, University of Bradford. 

Williams-Thorpe, O., Warren, S.E. and Nandris, J.G. (1984). The distribution and provenance of archaeological obsidian in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 11 183-212. 

Craig, O.E., Chapman, J., Heron, C., Willis, L.H., Bartosiewicz, L., Taylor, G., Whittle, A. and Collins, M.J. (2005). Did the first farmers of central and eastern Europe produce dairy foods Antiquity 79 882-894. 

Cucumbers and cabbage fermented by lactobacilli are popular dishes in the central and eastern Europe. Sauerkraut is frequently consumed by low-income communities, especially in winter. Surprisingly, no cases of botulism have been linked to consumption of such products. This observation may be explained based on the results of studies carried out by Braconnier et al. (2003). The authors analyzed germination of spores of C. botulinum type A and B, as well as changes in spore counts, in mushroom, broccoli, and potato purees. The addition of mixtures containing L-cysteine, L-alanine, and sodium lactate to... 

Fluoridation of domestic salt for human consumption was initiated in Switzerland in 1955 [133]. Fluoridated salt usually contains 200-250 mg/kg of fluoride, mostly in the form of potassium salt, so 1 g of fluoridated salt provides 0.20-0.25 mg of fluoride [2]. The average daily adult salt intake is estimated to vary from 5 to 10 g [6] so, if all consumed salt were fluoridated, the total daily intake of fluoride would range from 1 to 2.5 mg. Salt fluoridation can reach the entire population, however, addition of fluoride is limited mainly to domestic salt, leaving salt used by bakeries, large kitchens, enterprises and institutions, as well as by the food industry, unfluoridated. Schemes of fluoridation of domestic salt are most developed in France, Germany and Switzerland [134]. Detailed information on the history and experiences of salt fluoridation in Switzerland, France, Germany, Central and Eastern Europe and America were recently reported [133,135-138]. 

T.M. Marthaler, G.W. Poliak, Salt fluoridation in Central and Eastern Europe, Schweiz. Monatsschr. Zahnmed. 115 (2005) 670-674. 

ECPA is the pan-European voice of the crop protection industry. The membership includes both national associations and companies throughout Europe, including Central and Eastern Europe. In addition to traditional crop protection products such as herbicides, fungicides and insecticides, our members also provide biopesticides and genetically modif ied crops. 

Borchert, S. Sick, M. (1992). The vacuum-vaporizer-well (UVB) technology for in situ groundwater remediation Brief description of technology and three case studies. In Proceedings, International Symposium on Environmental Contamination in Central and Eastern Europe, Budapest, Hungary, October 12—16, 1992. 

Among the many dramatic effects of acid rain are the extinction of fish from acidic lakes throughout parts of the northeastern United States, Canada, and Scandinavia, the damage to forests throughout much of central and eastern Europe, and the deterioration everywhere of marble buildings and statuary. Marble is a form of calcium carbonate, CaC03, and, like all metal carbonates, reacts with acid to produce C02. The result is a slow eating away of the stone. 

Many processes in nature require such a fine pH balance that they are dramatically upset by the shift that has occurred in the pH of rain. Thousands of lakes in the Adirondack region of upper New York State and in southeastern Canada have become so acidic that all fish life has disappeared. Massive tree die-offs have occurred throughout central and eastern Europe as acid rain has lowered the pH of the soil and leached nutrients from leaves. Countless marble statues have been slowly dissolved away as their calcium carbonate has been attacked by acid rain. 

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