Source countries

The CBD requires that permission must be obtained before biological samples can be taken. To comply with the CBD, an Access and Beneht-Sharing Agreement (ABA) has to be agreed between the researcher and the source country providing the natural products. The ABA sets out the clauses with respect to the observation, development, and beneht sharing accruing from the use of natural products for medical applications. 

With the ABA, the source country must know in advance how the natural products are to be exploited and the benehts that can be shared. If the CBD is not observed, the natural products can be treated as being poached and the patent based on these products may be invalidated. 

Refer to Exhibit 3.2. The pros are that both parties—the prospectors and the source country—understand the obligations, whereas the cons are the negotiations may be protracted and delay prospecting activities that could yield benehcial compounds. 

Source country This study CH median SAEFL 2(H)2 CM mean Gauguin 1998 CM median Ze liner, 1998 CH mean Knorr ei al. 1999 D Basalt standard BR CRPG Granite standard GR CRPG... 

A total of 82 countries explicitly reported the illicit cultivation of cannabis on their territory over the 1995-200 period. In addition, Member States identified 134 source countries for the production of cannabis. Moreover, 146 countries reported seizing cannabis plants over the 1995-2005 period, which is an indirect indicator for the existence of cannabis plant production in a country, as cannabis plants are usually not trafficked across borders (only the end-products are). Combining these data suggests that cannabis production is taking place in at least 172 countries and territories. 

B 134 countries/territories identified as source countries for cannabis that was trafficked... 

The analysis of the reported source countries (ARQ, 2002-2006 period) suggests that cannabis resin production takes place in some 58 countries while cannabis herb (marijuana) production occurs in at least 116 countries. The caveat here is that cannabis herb is thought to be produced even in countries where the main supply concentrates on resin. Cannabis herb production is globally far more dispersed than global cannabis resin production. 

The decline of the importance of Morocco is also reflected in the number of countries citing Morocco as the source country of the cannabis resin found on their markets. Over the 1999-2003 period 31 per cent of countries reporting the origin of cannabis resin cited Morocco as the origin of the hashish found on their markets. By 2005, the proportion of Morocco (including the subsequent transit countries, Spain and Portugal) fell to 20 per cent, reflecting the massive decline of Moroccan cannabis resin production in recent years. 

Reports of country of origin are based on the information from 40 countries responding to this part of the Annual Reports Questionnaire in 2005. In order to expand the information base for the analysis of the importance of less frequently mentioned producer countries, the time period was increased to the 2003-05 period. This raised the information base to a sample of 61 countries (equivalent to almost a third of all countries). Considering the broader 2003-2005 period, 27 per cent of countries cited Morocco as the main source country of the cannabis resin encountered on their domestic market. 

The next most frequently mentioned source countries for cannabis resin are Nepal/India (mentioned by 7 per... 

Over the 2003-05 period, Morocco was mentioned 48 times as a source country for cannabis resin in replies by member states to UNODC s ARQ. Including Spain and Portugal, which are mainly transit countries of Moroccan hashish, the number of mentions... 

Fig. 78 Main source countries of cannabis resin, 2003-2005 (based on information from 61 countries)...

Number of times a country was identified by other Asian countries as a source country for methamphetamine production over the 2003-05 period, expressed as a proportion of all such reports obtained (N = 35) Origin refers to the countries to which drug shipments could be traced back. 

In terms of the origin of ecstasy seizures reported ( mentioned ) by Member States, more than a third of the reporting countries (35%) continue to mention the Netherlands as the main source country (2003-05 period), followed by Belgium (9%). Europe as a whole accounts for 81 per cent of such mentions. There may be a statistical bias, however, as 60 per cent of the coun-... 

In 2005, the authorities of the Republic of Korea reported that 70 per cent of the trafficked and seized methamphetamine originated from China, 22 per cent from the Philippines and 4 per cent from Canada. In addition, the USA was identified as a source country in both 2003 and 2004.3... 

I I Selected source countries and drug transit zones... 

Source Country Time Radioactivity (Bq) Important Nuclides... 

Because there was no university precedent for germplasm compensation to source countries, and because there was no prior agreement governing intellectual property rights, it was not obvious what would be the most appropriate method to recognize and potentially compensate Mali for its germplasm. What was clear to me, however, was that some form of recognition was needed. 

Transportation of Specimens. Transportation involves getting specimens out of the source country and into the destination country. Many so-called underdeveloped countries have strict regulations regarding col-... 

Each refinery has its own range of preferred crude oil feedstocks from which a desired product portfolio can be obtained. Crude oil typically is identified by its source country, underground reservoir, or some distinguishing physical or chemical property. The three most frequently specified properties are density, chemical characterization, and sulfur content. 

They noted that companies provide both financial and non-financial compensation to local groups in a variety of ways and indicated that there were few joint ventures where research was being conducted by local personnel in a source country. Most agreements merely involved the acquisition of genetic resources and information. Following their study, ten Kate and Laird49 identified a number of concerns which interviewees from a variety of industries interested in natural products had expressed. 

Karakalpakstan A Population in Danger, MedidnSans Frontiers (2003) http //www.msf.01g/source/countries/asia/aralsea/2003/karakalpakstan/complete.pdf... 

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