Cellulose esters, dyeing

See also Inorganic cellulose esters Organic cellulose esters dyeing, 9 197-198 U.S. production, 5 429t Cellulose ethers, 4 712, 716 5 445-466 20 560-561... 

Use Analytical chemistry, swelling agent for cellulose esters, dyeing assistant. 

Acetate fibers are dyed usually with disperse dyes specially synthesized for these fibers. They tend to have lower molecular size (low and medium energy dyes) and contain polar groups presumably to enhance the forces of attraction by hydrogen bonding with the numerous potential sites in the cellulose acetate polymer (see Fibers cellulose esters). Other dyes can be appHed to acetates such as acid dyes with selected solvents, and azoic or ingrain dyes can be apphed especially for black colorants. However thek use is very limited. 

Uses Solvent for cellulose esters and resins in manufacturing of printing inks, nail polishes, polymerization and spinning of acrylonitrile, dyeing wool, polyvinyl chloride adhesives, esters, waxes, vegetable oils brake fluids solvent degreasing antiseptic organic synthesis. 

This method has been used to analyze both symmetrical (C.I. Direct Red 28 and C.I. Direct Blue 6) and unsymmetrical (C.I. Direct Black 38 and C.I. Direct Brown 95) benzidine-based dyes. Based on this work, the application of the method to other benzidine-based dyes should be straightforward. When field samples are submitted for benzidine-based dye analysis, bulk samples of the dyes present in the sample also should be submitted. With these bulk samples, the analyst should be able to determine if this method is applicable to the various dyes submitted and if any interferences are present. The method presently has not been tested on field samples. An existing sampling method (J 3) for azo dyes and diazonium salts should be directly applicable to this method with a change from a cellulose ester to a Teflon filter. This change is necessary to insure quantitative recovery of the sample from the filter. 

Above Illustrating adsorption of typical non-ionic disperse dye by cellulose triacetate. Below (Schematic) Illustrating loss of affinity of polar groups by screening effect of solvated water on ionic group, in a typical sulphate-ester dye. 

Flexographic inks -cellulose nitrate m [CELLULOSE ESTERS - INORGANIC ESTERS] (Vol 5) -dispersed pigment [PIGMENT DISPERSIONS] (Vol 18) -fluorescent pigments m [LUMINESCENT MATERIALS - FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS (DAYLIGHT)] (Vol 15) -from triarylmethane dyes [T RIPHENYLMETHANE AND RELATED DYES] (Vol 24)... 

In the manufacture of cellulose ester plastic, the appropriate ester is blended with plasticizer and other additives, such as stabilizers, ultraviolet inhibitors, dyes, and pigments, commonly in a large sigma-blade mixer. The mixture thus obtained is heated to its softening temperature and kneaded until it is homogeneous. This is done on hot milling rolls, in a compounding extruder, or in a Banbury mixer. The molten mass of plastic that results is formed into small rods or strips that are then cut into cylindrical or cubical pellets, which ordinarily have dimensions of about J inch (3 millimeters). See Fig. 2. 

Solvents have been classified on various arbitrary bases (1) boiling point, (2) evaporation rate, (3) polarity, (4) industrial applications, (5) chemical composition, (6) proton donor and proton acceptor relationships, and (7) behavior toward a dye, Magdala Red, Thus on the basis of industrial application one can classify solvents as those for (1) acctyl-ccliulosc, (2) pyroxylin, 13) resins and lubber, (4) cellulose ether, (5) chlorinated rubber, (6) synthetic resins, and (7) solvents and blending agents for cellulose ester lacquers. Solvents classified according to chemical composition are noted below. 

Dyes for Cellulose Ester and Synthetic Polyamide Fibers. The first disperse dyes were developed for dyeing cellulose fibers, but the importance of these diminished considerably when other synthetic fibers appeared on the market. Synthetic polyamide fibers could be dyed with dyes used for acetate fibers very few new dyes had to be developed specifically for polyamide fibers. 

With the exception of the blue copper phthalocyanine derivatives, these products are azo dyes that are soluble in polar solvents such as alcohols, glycols, esters, glycol ethers, and ketones. Dyes soluble in alcohols and esters are used in protective lacquers for the transparent coating of metal (aluminum) foils and other materials, such as wood (greening lacquers) in flexographic inks for the printing of metal foils, cellophane, and paper as well as for the coloration of cellulose esters, celluloid, and poly(vinyl acetates), and, in the office supplies sector, for... 

Another important limitation is the practical necessity of limiting the number of groupings that are established. In practice this works out so that only a small portion of the totality of logically valid classes and subclasses are set up. Dyestuffs, for example, might be classified on the basis of their chemical constitution, materials which they are used to color, methods of application, and the color imparted. When the classification is affected on the basis of chemical constitution, then a person who may be interested in dyes as chemical substances finds that his purpose is served very well. On the other hand, such classification may provide little assistance to a searcher who is interested in finding all the dyes used to color a certain type of material such as cellulose ester textiles. In establishing a classification system based on fixed compartments, arbitrary decisions must be made as to the basis for classification. If such decisions are in line with the user s... 

Use Perfumes and flavors photographic developer for color movie films dyeing nylon filament, textiles, and sheet plastics solvent for dyestuffs, cellulose esters, casein, waxes, etc. heat-sealing polyethylene films intermediate for benzyl esters and ethers bacteriostat cosmetics, ointments, emulsions ball point pen inks stencil inks. 

Use Solvent for cellulose esters and ethers, many natural and synthetic resins radio-tube cathode fixing lacquers dye intermediate pharmaceuticals, perfume preparations organic synthesis. 

Use Solvent for vinyl resins dyes for leather chlorinated rubber cellulose esters solvent softener for nylon vegetable oils coupling agent organic synthesis. 

The cellulose ester thus formed is comparatively stable and has no affinity for direct dyes. Yarns treated in this way can be incorporated as an effect thread with untreated cotton, and they will remain white when direct dyes are applied. Yarns can also be dyed and then immunized afterwards. They then retain their colour unaltered when the material into which they are incorporated is dyed with substantive colours. 

Tetrahydro-2-furanylmethanol Tetrahydro-2-furfuryl alcohol Tetra-hydro-2-furylmethanol Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Tetra-hydrofurfurylalkohol Tetrahydrofuryl carbinol Tetra-hydrofurylalkohol THFA. Solvent for vinyl resins, dyes for leather, chlorinated rubber, cellulose esters, coupling agent, solvent-softener for nylon. Liquid mp <-80° bp = 178° d n 1.0524 miscible with H2O, freely soluble in EtOH, MezCO. Lancaster Synthesis Co, Penta Mfg. QO. 

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