Lacquers, cellulose ester

Uses. Plastics, lacquers, cellulose esters, fruit essences, perfumes, and chemical intermediates additive to unleaded gasoline... 

Lacquers, cellulose ester, I, 324 Lactic acid, I, 2 II, 132 effect on conductivity of boric acid, IV, 195... 

Uses Extraction solvent foundry resins perfume fixative solvent for coatings, lacquers, cellulose esters, cellulose ethers, oils, resins mfg. of printing inks, lacquers nondiscoloring plasticizer for cellulosics, PVAc in food-pkg. adhesives Regulatory FDA 21CFR 175.105 Manuf./Disthb. A.P. Chems. Ltd Aceto http //www.aceto.com, Aldrich http //www.sigma-aldrich.com, Ashland http //www.ashchem.com, BP Amoco http //www.bpamoco.com. 

Cellulose esters for films, plastics, fibers, lacquers... 

The cellulose esters with the largest commercial consumption are cellulose acetate, including cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and cellulose acetate propionate. Cellulose acetate is used in textile fibers, plastics, film, sheeting, and lacquers. The cellulose acetate used for photographic film base is almost exclusively triacetate some triacetate is also used for textile fibers because of its crystalline and heat-setting characteristics. The critical properties of cellulose acetate as related to appHcation are given in Table 10. 

Higher butyryl esters, formulated with acryUc polymers, provide coatings with excellent weather resistance, good colorfastness and dispersibiUty, and good flow properties (154). Formulations for a typical automotive refinishing lacquer and a wood furniture lacquer are given in Tables 12 and 13, respectively. Low viscosity, high butyryl cellulose esters tolerate substantial amounts of alcohol solvent without appreciable increase in solution viscosity. 

The acetates of most alcohols are also commercially available and have diverse uses. Because of their high solvent power, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl acetates are used in ceUulose nitrate and other lacquer-type coatings (see Cellulose, esters). Butyl and hexyl acetates are exceUent solvents for polyurethane coating systems (see Coatings Urethane polymers). Ethyl, isobutyl, amyl, and isoamyl acetates are frequentiy used as components in flavoring (see Flavors and spices), and isopropyl, benzyl, octyl, geranyl, linalyl, and methyl acetates are important additives in perfumes (qv). 

Methyl Acetone. Commercial product .a water-white, anhydr liq, consisting of various mixts of acet (45 to 65%), methyl acetate (20 to 30%) and methanol (20 to 40%). Density about 0.83g/cc, boiling range 50 to 70°, flash p near 0°F. Miscible with hydrocarbons, oils and w. Obtained as a by-product in the manuf of acet and methanol from wood distn, representing fractions which cannot be economically sepd. The mixt can be used as such, being an excellent solv and plasticizer for NC and other cellulose esters, such as the acetate. It also dissolves rubber, gums, resins, lacquers, paint and varnish Refs 1) T.H, Durrans, Solvents , Van-Nostrand, NY (1938), 122 2) CondChemDict... 

Lacquer. A coating comprised of resins such as cellulose esters or ethers, shellac or gum, or allethyl alcohol that evaporates easily. The application process involves no chemical change, only the evaporation of the solvent leaving behind a hard, durable finish. 

Uses Plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers manufacture of plastics, cymene, incense, celluloid in lacquers, explosives, and embalming fluids pyrotechnics moth repellent preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics odorant/flavorant in household, pharmaceutical, and industrial products tooth powders. 

Uses Solvent for paints, tin coatings, agricultural chemicals, and synthetic resins excellent solvent for vinyl resins, cellulose esters, and ethers pesticides storing lacquers pesticide manufacturing intermediate in the manufacture of 3,5-xylenol, 2,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol, and 3,5-dimethylaniline. 

Uses Plasticizer for lacquers, plastics, cellulose esters, and vinyl resins heat-exchange liquid carbonless copy paper systems in aircraft hydraulic fluids solvent extraction of metal ions from solution of reactor products uranium extraction and nuclear fuel reprocessing pigment grinding assistant antifoaming agent solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate. 

Uses. Antifoaming agent plasticizer for cellulose esters, lacquers, plastic, and vinyl resins component in hydraulic fluids for aircraft control systems... 

While other organic esters are commercially available, namely cellulose butyrate and cellulose propionate, by far the most widely used is cellulose acetate, which is available as plastics, in films, sheets, fibers, and lacquers. Cellulose acetate is used in the manufacture of display packaging and as extruded film for decorative signs, and to coat a variety of fibers. Injected molded products include toothbrush handles, combs, and brushes. It is also used in lacquers and protective coatings for metal, glass, and paper. Cellulose acetate films are used in reverse osmosis to purify blood, fruit juices, and brackish water. Some eyeglass frames are... 

Another potentially important fermentation is that producing butyric acid. The process is used industrially on only a small scale at present and details have not been disclosed. Many derivatives of butyric acid are used industrially the benzyl, methyl, octyl and terpenyl esters are used in the perfumery and essence trade and amyl butyrate, bornyl and isobornyl butyrates have been described as plasticizers for cellulose esters. Moreover vinyl butyrate is a possible ingredient of polymerizable materials. The mixed acetic and butyric acid esters of polysaccharides are also coming into favor. Cellulose acetate butyrate is marketed as an ingredient of lacquer and is less inflammable than the pure acetate. Dextran (see below) acetate butyrate may have similar uses. 

Two methods of prepn are listed in Ref 3 a)By esterification of lactic acid with ethanol and b)By combining acetaldehyde with hydrocyanic. acid to form acetaldehyde cyanohydrin, and this is treated wi th ethanol HC1 to ethyl lactate. Used as a solvent for cellulose acetate and nitrate, other cellulose esters, resins, lacquers, paints and enamels Refs l)Beil 3, 264, 267, 280,(102,109) ... 

CCOOC3Ha)2 mw 146.14, col, unstable aromatic liquid combustible but not flammable sp gr 1-079 at 20/4° (Lange), 1.09 at 20/20° (Ref 3), fr P -40.6°, bp 185-4-186° fl p 168°F v si isol in w with gradual deoompn miscible with ale, eth, eth acetate and other common org solvents. Can be prepd by standard esterification procedure using ethanol oxalic acid. The final purification, however calls for specific technique and equipment (Ref 3). Used as solvent for cellulose esters ethers and for synthetic resins also for radio tube cathode fixing lacquers, pharmaceuticals, etc... 

Solvents have been classified on various arbitrary bases (1) boiling point, (2) evaporation rate, (3) polarity, (4) industrial applications, (5) chemical composition, (6) proton donor and proton acceptor relationships, and (7) behavior toward a dye, Magdala Red, Thus on the basis of industrial application one can classify solvents as those for (1) acctyl-ccliulosc, (2) pyroxylin, 13) resins and lubber, (4) cellulose ether, (5) chlorinated rubber, (6) synthetic resins, and (7) solvents and blending agents for cellulose ester lacquers. Solvents classified according to chemical composition are noted below. 

Coumarone-indene resins are sold under various trade names Cumar, Neville, Nevindene, Paradene Picoumaron. Numerous applications in industry include uses in plastics, protective coatings, adhesives, lacquers, and as plasticizers for cellulose esters vinyl resins Refs i) Beil 17, 56 [ 57.1 2) Kirk Othmer... 

With the exception of the blue copper phthalocyanine derivatives, these products are azo dyes that are soluble in polar solvents such as alcohols, glycols, esters, glycol ethers, and ketones. Dyes soluble in alcohols and esters are used in protective lacquers for the transparent coating of metal (aluminum) foils and other materials, such as wood (greening lacquers) in flexographic inks for the printing of metal foils, cellophane, and paper as well as for the coloration of cellulose esters, celluloid, and poly(vinyl acetates), and, in the office supplies sector, for... 

Much helpful information on starch esterification methods and on the probable properties of starch esters may be obtained by examining similar reactions and esters in the cellulose field. This is because both starch and cellulose consist of polymerized glucose units capable of esterification to the triester stage, and because the superior ability of the cellulose esters to form plastics, films, fibers, and lacquers has promoted an accumulation of information on cellulose esters which far exceeds the present knowledge of starch esters. 

Epichlorohydrin is usually prepared from propene and is mainly used in the manufacture of glycerol and epoxy resins. It is also used in the manufacture of elastomers, glycidyl ethers, cross-linked food starch, surfactants, plasticizers, dyestuffs, pharmaceutical products, oil emulsifiers, lubricants, and adhesives as a solvent for resins, gums, cellulose, esters, paints, and lacquers and as a stabilizer in chlorine-containing substances such as rubber, pesticide formulations, and solvents. 

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