Cell localization

Tliere are examples that cells have an intracellular reserve of functional transporter moieties EAAC1, GAT1, CHT are predominantly - while NET only in some nerve cells - localized in the cell interior where transporters are stored membrane-bound in vesicles. Regulation occuts by transporter redistribution. Increased surface density leads to increased transport capacity while transporter internalization suppresses uptake. 

Cinamon G, Matloubian M, Lesneski MJ, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 promotes B cell localization in the splenic marginal zone. Nat Immunol 2004 5 713-720. 

Randolph DA, Huang G, Carruthers CJ, Bromley LE, Chaplin DD. The role of CCR7 in TH1 and TH2 cell localization and delivery of B cell help in vivo. Science 1999 286 2159-2162. 

Cook DN, Prosser DM, Forster R, et al. CCR6 mediates dendritic cell localization, lymphocyte homeostasis, and immune responses in mucosal tissue. Immunity 2000 12(5) 495-503. 

Since the design of the first targeted polyplexes more than 20 years ago [97, 134], numerous efforts have been made to develop polyplexes for use in medical products, both in pharmacological animal studies and in human studies. Therapeutic modalities include ex vivo treatment of isolated human patient cells, localized in vivo treatments, and - currently the most challenging delivery scenario - in vivo targeted intravenous delivery. 

The trophoblast cells may possess many transporters for glutamine, so that the local extracellular concentration is maintained very low, which may restrict the activity of immune cells locally (Chapter 17). 

Groves C, Reid OG, Ginger DS (2010) Heterogeneity in polymer solar cells local morphology and performance in organic photovoltaics studied with scanning probe microscopy. Acc Chem Res 43 612... 

Site Number of atoms per unit cell Local coord, polyhedron Magnetic moment Size of atom... 

Many derivatives of fluorescein containing a reactive group at the C-5 position are commercially available [11], Fluorescein isothiocyanate, for example, is widely used as protein tag [12]. These substances have essentially the same spectroscopic properties as the parent compound with the additional capability of binding covalently to proteins. Because of their high emission quantum yields, fluorescein conjugates are extensively used as tracers for microinjection in living cells to gather information on the structure and function of cells, localization of proteins, and cell-to-cell and intracellular diffusion [13-17]. 

Immunization with the monoclonal AB reactive against the 18 kDa major surface protein in the oncosphere of T. saginata, HP6, confers protection in cattle (Harrison and Rarkhouse, 1986). The HP6-encoding gene of T. saginata has been cloned and transfected into normal rat kidney cells. Localization studies revealed HP6 in the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and at the cell surface (Bonay et al., 2002). The deduced amino acid sequence of HP6 was similar to the mammalian extracellular matrix protein,... 

External stress, locally applied, can have nonlocal static effects in ferroelastics (see Fig. 4 of Ref. [7]). Dynamical evolution of strains under local external stress can show striking time-dependent patterns such as elastic photocopying of the applied deformations, in an expanding texture (see Fig.5 of Ref. [8]). Since charges and spins can couple linearly to strain, they are like internal (unit-cell) local stresses, and one might expect extended strain response in all (compatibility-linked) strain-tensor components. Quadratic coupling is like a local transition temperature. The model we consider is a (scalar) free energy density term... 

Levin ER. Cell localization, physiology, and nonge-nomic actions of estrogen receptors. J Appl Physiol. 2001 91 1860-1867. 

Modeling of Membrane-Electrode-Assembly Degradation in Proton-Exchange-Membrane Fuel Cells - Local H2 Starvation and Start-Stop Induced Carbon-Support Corrosion... 

The macroscopic moduli ah(x), etc., can be found by solving cell local problems, being stochastic counterpart of the local problems formulated in [14] for the periodic case. For instance, we have... 

By using a pattern of two different types of biomolecules on the surface, it is possible to tailor the surface regions that are cell adhesive and cell resistant. Feng et al. showed that by covalent p,CP of chitosan onto an aldehyde-enriched glass surface followed by incubation in BSA solution, the surface will have properties for cell localization and cell growth guidance.110... 

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