Animal pharmacology

Shulgin, A. T., Sargent, T., and Naranjo, C. (1973) Animal pharmacology and human psychopharmacology of 3-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxyphenylisopropylamine (MMDA). Pharmacology, 10 12-18. 

Some of these mechanisms may become apparent during animal pharmacology studies, but the clinical pharmacologist must always be aware of the possible... 

Chemical and pharmaceutical information Animal pharmacology Animal toxicology... 

Pasternak, G.W., Adler, B.A., Rodriguez, J. Characterization of the opioid receptor binding and animal pharmacology of meptazinot. Postgrad. Med. J. 1985, 61, Suppl. 2, 5-12. 

In CONCLUSION, the use of the "classical" neuroleptics, as exemplified by the phenothiazines, thioxanthines, butyrophenones and diphenylbutyl-piperidines, has been a landmark in the pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia and psychotic disorders. The efficacy of such drugs in the alleviation of the symptoms of schizophrenia is universally accepted. However, it is also evident that they have a spectrum of adverse effects that frequently renders their long-term use problematic. Side effects such as akathisia, Parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia and the all too frequent changes in peripheral autonomic activity are largely predictable from the structure of the molecules and the basic animal pharmacology data. Such adverse effects, and the difficulties encountered when attempting to reduce their frequency and severity by concurrent medication, has stimulated the development of "atypical" neuroleptics such as clozapine and risperidone which, hopefully, will combine efficacy with a reduction in side effects. 

Animal pharmacology and toxicology studies—preclinical data to permit an assessment as to whether the product is reasonably safe for initial testing in humans. Also included are any previous experience with the drug in humans (often foreign use). 

Al-Zuhair, H., El-Sayeh, B., Ameen, H.A. and Al-Shoora, H. (1996) Pharmacological studies of cardamom oil in animals. Pharmacological Research 34, 79-82. 

CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE METHOD For the definition of the lowest dose, exposure data from animal pharmacological effect models and from single dose studies in man were used. In addition, information from a food screen and the elimination half-life were applied for the design of the study. The assumptions made were a) moderate effect of a high-fat high-calorie breakfast, thus provide a standard continental breakfast on each dosing day and b) elimination half-life of almost 24 h lets one expect that steady state is reached after 5 days of once daily dosing. To confirm the latter expectation, pre-dose and 12 h... 

Nonclinical Studies In vitro (laboratory) or in vivo (animal) pharmacology, toxicology and pharmacokinetic studies that support the testing of a product in humans. Usually at least two species are evaluated prior to Phase I clinical trials. Nonclinical studies continue throughout all phases of research to evaluate long-term safety issues. 

A description and analysis of each clinical pharmacology study of the biologic, including a brief comparison of the results of the human studies with the animal pharmacology and toxicology data. 

Lofepramine is an imipramine analogue whose animal pharmacology suggests low toxicity (1). Its clinical efficacy is similar to that of imipramine and amitriptyline. Patients on lofepramine report less dryness of the mouth, fewer disturbances of accommodation, and less drowsiness, but a greater incidence of tremor (2). 

Claassen V. Review of the animal pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of fluvoxamine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983 15(Suppl. 3) 349S-55S. 

Human pharmacology parallels animal pharmacology, especially that of the dog, with respect to the effective dose-range and duration of action. Omeprazole causes dose-dependent inhibition of basal and stimulated gastric acid secretion and reduction of intragastric acidity in healthy volunteers after single administration [96-98] or repeated daily administrations [96]. This was also seen in patients with peptic ulcer disease [99-102]. The inhibitory effect after a single administration lasts 2-3 days [96]. 

Griffiths, R. R., Woodson, D. P. (1988b). Reinforcing properties of caffeine Studies in human and laboratory animals. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 28, 419-427. 

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