Cell culture models morphology

Recently, a cell culture derived from biopsies of healthy human buccal mucosa has been developed with remarkably similar morphology, membranecoating granule structure and appearance, and lipid composition to intact buccal tissue [102], The barrier nature of this cell culture model is similar to intact buccal mucosa, and so this cell culture may be an alternative model to the... 

TR146 cell culture. With the development of tissue culture techniques, it is anticipated that various cell culture models may be developed with similar morphological and barrier properties to normal intact buccal mucosa. Such models may be very useful in assessing the buccal permeability and metabolism of many compounds. 

The primary cell culture model is a more valid model for the study of absorption and transport processes of a drug via the pulmonary route. It provides a tight epithelial barrier with morphological and functional properties resembling those of the in-vivo condition. Primary alveolar epithelial cells from rats [39], rabbits [40] and humans [41] which display morphological and biochemical characteristics similar to the native epithelium have been isolated and can be used for drug transport studies. 

Induction of Morphological and Neoplastic Transformation in Mammalian Cells Cell Culture Models for Chemically Induced Cancer Proceeding through Mutagenesis... 

Wu YM, Tang J, Zhao P et al (2009) Morphological changes and molecular expressions of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in three-dimensional culture model. Exp Mol Pathol 87 133-140... 

A variety of in vitro toxicity tests have been developed to model the effects of toxins on living cells or tissues. In these tests, a carrier medium (such as fetal bovine serum) containing given concentrations, or doses, of a particular toxin are added to cell cultures (cell lines). Various indicators of toxicity, cell morphology transformation, or cell prohferation are then measured after specified periods of time. The cell types used in a particular study can be chosen to approximate the types of cells that would be affected during acmal exposure, such as respiratory cells or tissues. Toxicity indicators include, for example, measures of the percent of viable cells remaining at the end of the test (compared to a control line with no added toxin), and the concentrations various cytokines or other cytoplasmic enzymes induced from the cells by the toxin. Uncertainties with the in vitro toxicity tests include how comparable their results are to those of in vivo toxicity tests, and how well they reproduce actual physiological conditions and processes in the human body (Johnson and Mossman, 2001). 

Explant cultures have also been used to isolate specific cell types from the placenta, Leik ei ai (2004) grew arterial smooth muscle cells from cultured small pieces of placental arteries from chorionic plate. Within 1 week, cells with uniform morphology expressing proteins similar to human aonic smooth muscle cells but clearly different from fibroblasts or endothelial cells grew- out of the expiants. These cells can be used as a general model for human arterial smooth muscle cells (I eik et ai, 2004),... 

Traditional in vitro models based on 2D monolayer cell cultures are considered to be poorly representative of the in vivo environment due to their inability to form a normal morphology and do not fully replicate hepatocyte function in vivo (Godoy et al., 2013). Consequently, significant efforts have been undertaken to develop 3D models, which improve cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions and hepatocyte polarization, such as those described later. Such models offer the potential to better reflect the architecture of the liver and to develop more appropriate and relevant endpoints. 

---