Uniform morphology

According to Peled s model, the existence of an SEI constitutes the foundation on which lithium ion chemistry could operate reversibly. Therefore, an ideal SEI should meet the following requirements (1) electron transference number 4 = 0 (otherwise, electron tunneling would occur and enable continuous electrolyte decomposition), (2) high ion conductivity so that lithium ions can readily migrate to intercalate into or deintercalate from graphene layers, (3) uniform morphology and chemical composition for ho-... 

Matsumura S, Uemura S, Mihara H. Fabrication of nanofibers with uniform morphology by self-assembly of designed peptides. Chem Eur J 2004 10 2789-2794. 

Figure 2. Mordenite single crystals of uniform morphology (3 X 3X8 fimeters) used as seed. Crystaiized from a batch com--position of 8.5 NazO-AkO -SS SiO -m H2O-4.5 NaCl at 120°C and 9 days.

Durham polyacetylene has the advantage of being a uniform, dense film and so lends itself much more readiliy to diffusion studies. In addition, the uniform morphology is much better suited to device applications, although the low surface area would limit applications in batteries. We have made extensive measurements on the doping of Durham frans-polyacetylene by gaseous AsF5 514 515), which is believed to dope the polymer to form the hexafluoroarsenate ion and arsenic trifluoride 516 ... 

The final sections of the chapter will first discuss how droplet behaviour on unstructured substrates can be controlled before looking at inkjet printed films and lines, and how to obtain uniform morphology in these features. Finally, a brief summary of the chapter as a whole is given. 

The synthesis of rare earth orthophosphate nanomaterials involves obtaining pure phase, uniform morphology, as well as the surface structures, in order to fulfill the requirement for applications such as phosphors. The rare earth orthophosphate NCs could be obtained through precipitation in aqueous or nonaqueous solutions and dry methods. 

Of these methods, the double-jet method leads generally to a relative uniform ("monodisperse") crystal population with uniform morphology when material addition i ates, temperature, and pAg are closely controlled (Figure 2). For such systems, nucleation and subsequent growth have been studied in detail. The present review will concentrate on some recent developments in these areas. 

A second motivation for using a monomer-feed semibatch procedure is to control copolymer composition and/or particle morphology. Delayed feed of part of the more reactive monomer can be used to eliminate or reduce the composition drift of the copolymer. The delayed feed of a comonomer mixture when the reactor is operated in the monomer-starved regime can also be used to prevent copolymer composition drift. Such operations will produce polymer particles with more uniform morphology. Different monomer addition schemes can be employed to control nonuniform particle morphology (see papers by Bassett et al. in General References 7 and 9). 

CMSMPR Precipitator. In the continuous precipitation technique, continuous streams of reactants are fed to a stirred vessel while product is simultaneously removed to maintain a constant reaction volume. Following a transient period, a steady state is reached, during which the CSD and morphology of crystals removed from the precipitator remain unchanged. Uniform morphology and rather polydisperse precipitate crystals are typically obtained. Such a continuous operation may exhibit more or less pronounced oscillations. 

Explant cultures have also been used to isolate specific cell types from the placenta, Leik ei ai (2004) grew arterial smooth muscle cells from cultured small pieces of placental arteries from chorionic plate. Within 1 week, cells with uniform morphology expressing proteins similar to human aonic smooth muscle cells but clearly different from fibroblasts or endothelial cells grew- out of the expiants. These cells can be used as a general model for human arterial smooth muscle cells (I eik et ai, 2004),... 

The primary arterial cells isolated by Leik and coworkers (2004) were grown from expiants of placental arteries by placing the vessel lumen dowm. Cells with uniform morphology appeared within 1 week and grew to confluency within 4 weeks. After gaining confluency, they expre,sscd smooth muscle myofilament proteins and lacked expression for flbniblast-specific antigen. 

Emulsions can be used to produce microcellular foams with relatively uniform morphologies. Round cells, with a range of diameters less than 100 pm, are typical. Foams with ultrafine microstructures can be formed utilizing gels produced by chemically reactive systems. Extraction reveals cells in the 0.1 to 0.3 pm diameter range (3). 

R. Liu, D. Wu, X. Feng, K. Mullen, Bottom-Up Fabrication of Photoluminescent Graphene Quantum Dots with Uniform Morphology. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2011,133,15221-15223. 

The uniform morphology is necessary for acceptable conductivities and morphology depends on polymer types, ratios of the components, and the types of solvent. ... 

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