CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins

Similarly, the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPP) can also form homo- and heterodimers with different other factors. 

He G, Margolis DM (2002) Counterregulation of chromatin deacetylation and histone deacetylase occupancy at the integrated promoter of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HlV-1) by the HlV-1 repressor YYl and HlV-1 activator Tat. Mol Cell Biol 22 2965-2973 Henderson AJ, Calame KL (1997) CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) sites are required for HlV-1 replication in primary macrophages but not CD4-t T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 8714-8719... 

Lee ES, Sarma D, Zhou H, Henderson AJ (2002) CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins are not required for HIV-1 entry but regulate proviral transcription by recruiting coactivators to the long-terminal repeat in monocytic cells. Virology 299 20-31... 

Neutrophil-Specific Granule Deficiency. In this rare disorder, secondary or specific granules in neutrophils are absent. The defect may arise from a mutation that leads to the loss of function of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein e (C/EBPe), which is needed for neutrophil response to inflammation (91). Specific granule deficiency affecfs fhe migration of neutrophils. 

Lekstrom-Himes, J. A., and Xanfiiopoulos, K. G., CCAAT/enhancer binding protein s is critical for effective neutrophil-mediated response to inflammatory challenge. Blood 93, 3096-3105 (1999). 

Fig. 1.39. Examples for families of interacting transcription factors. The circles indicate groups of eucaryotic transcription factors that can form homo- and heterodimers amongst themselves. The intersection of the circle of the ATT family with the circle of the Jun family indicates possible heterodimerization between the two famihes. The members of the Jun family can form complexes with members of the Fos family and with the members of the ATT family. The Fos family is unique in that its members can not form homodimers, but must heterodimerize with members of the Jun family. C/EBP CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ATF activating transcription factor CRE-BP cAMP responsive element binding protein. After Lamb and McKnight (1992).

Kim Y, Fischer SM. 1998. Transcriptional regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse skin carcinoma cells. Regulatory role of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins in the differential expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in normal and neoplastic tissues. J Biol Chem 273 27686-27694. 

Figure 7.42. Model for regulation of AFP synthesis in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). CNS central nervous system GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone GH growth hormone IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor-1 C/EBPa CCAAT enhancer binding protein a AEP antifreeze enhancerbinding protein. See text for details. Arrows with striped tails denote up-regulation or down-regulation.

Ramji DP, Poka P (2002) CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins Structure, function and regulation. Biochem J 365 561-575. 

Hollenberg, A. N., Susulic, V. S., Madura, J. P., Ahang, B., Moller, D. E., Tontonoz, E, Sarraf, P., Spiegehnan, B. M., and Lowell, B. B. (1997). Fimctional antagonism between CCAAT / enhancer binding protein-a and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y on the leptin promoter. /. Biol. Chem. 272,5283-5290. 

Park, E. A., Song, S., Olive, M., and Roesler, W. J. (1997). CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein a (C/EBPa) is required for the thyroid hormone but not the retinoic acid induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) gene transcription. Biochem. J. 322,343-349. 

PPARy and transcription factors of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein family (C/ EBPa, -]3, and -6) are integral members of the... 

D. Ron, A.R. Brasier, R.E. McGehee, and J. F. Habener, Tumor necrosis factor-induced reversal of adipocytic phenotype of 3T3-L1 cells is preceded by a loss of nuclear CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), J. Clin. Invest., 1992, 89, 223-233. 

Bartlett JD, Luethy JD, Carlson SG, SoUott SJ, Holbrook NJ (1992) Calcium ionophore A23187 induces expression of the growth arrest and DNA damage inducible CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-related gene,gaddl53. Ca2+ increases transcriptional activity and mRNA stability. J Biol Chem 267 20465-20470... 

Zhou, Y.L., Snead, M.L. 2000. Functional antagonism between Msx2 and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha in regulating the mouse amelogenin gene expression is mediated by protein-protein interaction. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 29066-29075. 

Reinhart, A. J., Williams, S. C., Clark, B. J., and Stocco, D. M. (1999). SF-1 (steroidogenic factor-1) and C/EBP beta (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta) cooperate to regulate the murine StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory) promoter. Mol Endocrinol 13, 729-741. 

Hsieh, C. C., Xiong, W., Xie, Q., Rabek, J. P., Scott, S. G., An, M. R., Reisner, P. D., Kuninger, D. T., and Papaconstantinou, J. Effects of age on the posttranscriptional regulation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta isoform synthesis in control and LPS-treated livers. Mol Biol Cell 9 (1998)... 

H.F. Zhao, J.A. Gustafsson et al. (1998). IRE-ABP (insulin response element-A binding protein), an SRY-like protein, inhibits C/EBPalpha (CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein alpha)-stimulated expression of the sex-specific cytochrome P450 2C12 gene. Mol. Endocrinol. 12, 1294-1309. 

Induction of enzyme synthesis requires activation of transcription factors. One of the factors that is activated is CREB, which stands for cAMP response element binding protein. CREB is phosphorylated and activated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which itself is activated on glucagon or epinephrine stimulation. A second set of transcription factors activated are the C/EPBs (CCAAT/ enhancer binding proteins), although the regulation of their activity is still under investigation. 

Kang KW, Cho U, Lee CH, Kim SG. Essential role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta activation in the induction of glutathione S-transferase by oltipraz. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003 95 53-66. 

The CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP) are transactivators known for their involvement in the regulation of acute phase and inflammatory protein expression [106]. The family comprises several isoforms, which can homo- and heterodimerize through their basic leucine zipper region [107], or associate with other transcription factors, including NF-kB [108, 109]. Activation of the C/EBP proteins involves their phosphorylation in a negative regulatory domain [110, 111]. In a similar manner to PU.l, some C/EBP family... 

Yamanaka R, Kim GD, Radomska HS, Lekstrom-Himes J, Smith LT, Antonson P, Tenen DG, Xanthopoulos KG CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon is preferentially up-regulated during granulocytic differentiation and its functional versatility is determined by alternative use of promoters and differential splicing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 94 6462-6467. 

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