CCAAT

Similarly, the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPP) can also form homo- and heterodimers with different other factors. 

Two important cis-acting elements in the ALDH2 promoter have been studied. A site located from 79 to 116 bp upstream of the ATG initiating translation is bound by nuclear factor(s) present in all cells tested the CCAAT box in this region is important for transcriptional activity, and appears to be bound primarily by the transcription factor NF-Y/CP1 [46]. There is a site, approximately 300 bp upstream of the ATG, at which HNF-4 and retinoid X receptors can bind, as can the apolipoproteins regulatory protein (ARP-1) [47, 48]. Transcription from this promoter can be activated by HNF-4 and RXRs [47, 48]. 

Elizondo G, Corchero J, Sterneck E, Gonzalez FJ. Feedback inhibition of the retinaldehyde dehydrogenase gene ALDH1 by retinoic acid through retinoic acid receptor alpha and CCAAT/en-hancer-binding protein beta. J Biol Chem 2000 275 39747-39753. 

Wenkel, S., Turck, F., Singer, K., Gissot, L., Le Gourrierec, J., Samach, A. and Coupland, G. (2006). CONSTANS and the CCAAT box binding complex share a functionally important domain and interact to regulate flowering of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18, 2971-84. 

He G, Margolis DM (2002) Counterregulation of chromatin deacetylation and histone deacetylase occupancy at the integrated promoter of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HlV-1) by the HlV-1 repressor YYl and HlV-1 activator Tat. Mol Cell Biol 22 2965-2973 Henderson AJ, Calame KL (1997) CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) sites are required for HlV-1 replication in primary macrophages but not CD4-t T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 8714-8719... 

Lee ES, Sarma D, Zhou H, Henderson AJ (2002) CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins are not required for HIV-1 entry but regulate proviral transcription by recruiting coactivators to the long-terminal repeat in monocytic cells. Virology 299 20-31... 

A CCAAT box (around -75) that binds a transcription fartor NF-1... 

The 5 upstream region of the MnP-1 gene contains a TATAAA element 81 bp upstream of the translation initiation codon. In addition, three inverted CCAAT elements (ATTGG) ( ) are found at positions -181, -195, and -304 with respect to the initiation codon. We are analyzing the 5 upstream sequence of the MnP-1 gene for other possible regulatory sequence elements. 

Neutrophil-Specific Granule Deficiency. In this rare disorder, secondary or specific granules in neutrophils are absent. The defect may arise from a mutation that leads to the loss of function of the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein e (C/EBPe), which is needed for neutrophil response to inflammation (91). Specific granule deficiency affecfs fhe migration of neutrophils. 

Lekstrom-Himes, J. A., and Xanfiiopoulos, K. G., CCAAT/enhancer binding protein s is critical for effective neutrophil-mediated response to inflammatory challenge. Blood 93, 3096-3105 (1999). 

Fig. 1.39. Examples for families of interacting transcription factors. The circles indicate groups of eucaryotic transcription factors that can form homo- and heterodimers amongst themselves. The intersection of the circle of the ATT family with the circle of the Jun family indicates possible heterodimerization between the two famihes. The members of the Jun family can form complexes with members of the Fos family and with the members of the ATT family. The Fos family is unique in that its members can not form homodimers, but must heterodimerize with members of the Jun family. C/EBP CCAAT/enhancer binding protein ATF activating transcription factor CRE-BP cAMP responsive element binding protein. After Lamb and McKnight (1992).

Transcriptional activators. Many proteins serve as activators of transcription, causing larger increases in rate over those observed with TBP alone. Some of these are listed in Table 28-2.338a The table also lists two proteins (Spl and NF1), and the DNA sequence CCAAT, which control constitutive or continuously active genes. A large group of transcription factors are active in development. Receptors may be resident in cytoplasm, cell membrane or nucleus, as indicated in Table 28-2. Some cytoplasmic factors are latent, becorn-... 

Several mammalian leucine zipper proteins bind to the CCAAT sequence (Table 28-1) and are, therefore, as a family designated C/EBP.361 366 367 A 30-residue segment of C/EBP contains four leucine residues at 7-residue intervals. When plotted as a helical wheel (Fig. 2-20) the four leucines are aligned on one side.368 Similar sequences are present in the proteins cMyc, cjun, and cFos and in GCN4. These observations suggested that if the peptide sequence forms an a helix, the leucine side chain from two identical subunits or closely related proteins might interdigitate in... 

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