Epinephrine-stimulated

Epinephrine stimulates glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle, whereas glucagon does not because of absence of its receptors. 

Belmaker RH, Kon M, Epstein RP, et al Partial inhibition by hthium of the epinephrine-stimulated rise in plasma cychc GMP in humans. Biol Psychiatry 15 3-8, 1980... 

Epinephrine is an effective, rapid-acting bronchodilator when injected subcutaneously (0.4 mL of 1 1000 solution) or inhaled as a microaerosol from a pressurized canister (320 meg per puff). Maximal bronchodilation is achieved 15 minutes after inhalation and lasts 60-90 minutes. Because epinephrine stimulates and as well as 32 receptors, tachycardia, arrhythmias, and worsening of... 

In muscle, epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown and glycolysis, providing ATP to support contraction. 

The Hormone Epinephrine Stimulates Glucose Production in Both Liver Cells and Muscle Cells The Hormonal Regulation of the Flux between Fructose-6-phosphate and Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Is Mediated by Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate... 

The Hormone Epinephrine Stimulates Glucose Production in Both Liver Cells and Muscle Cells... 

Norephedrine and ephedrine mimic and stimulate the release of the adrenal hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine. Norephinephrine raises heart rate and epinephrine stimulates carbohydrate metabolism resulting in an increased metabolic rate, fatty acids release from lipocytes (fat cells), and a protein sparing effect. Caffeine simply prolongs the effect. 

Epinephrine stimulates me beta-adrenergic receptors in me bronchioles, which in turn activate membrane-bound adenylate cyclase to synthesize more cyclic AMP, whereas theophylline inhibits the activity of phosphodiesterase, conserving the previously synthesized cyclic AMP. 

Resuscitation from bupivacaine cardiovascular toxicity is extremely difficult. However, prompt resuscitation has been successful with standard cardiopulmonary support, including the prompt correction of acidosis by hyperventilation and administration of bicarbonate as well as epinephrine, atropine, and bretylium. Local anesthetics, especially bupivacaine, also inhibit basal and epinephrine-stimulated cAMP production. This finding places greater emphasis on aggressive epinephrine therapy during bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity. The (SJ-isomer, levobupivacaine, appears to have a lower propensity for cardiovascular toxicity than the racemic mixture or the (R)-isomer and has recently been approved for clinical use. Ropivacaine, another newer local anesthetic, has clinical effects similar to those of bupivacaine but may be associated with a lower potential for cardiovascular toxicity. Ropivacaine is available only as the (S)-stereoisomer, which has inherently less affinity for the cardiac sodium channel. 

In fat cells epinephrine stimulation of cyclic AMP accumulation and lipolysis is markedly reduced in hypothyroidism but enhanced in hyperthyroidism (see Ref. 79). Similar effects of altered thyroid status on the response to two other lipolytic hormones, ACTH and glucagon, have been reported suggesting that thyroid hormones regulate similarly either the different receptors of the various lipolytic hormones and/or a common step of the lipolytic pathway [80],... 

Answer Substance X is cyclic AMP. Epinephrine stimulates glycogen phosphorylase by activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which catalyzes formation of cAMP, the second messenger. 

Epinephrine increases muscle glycolysis, and therefore blood lactic acid production and an amplified Cori cycle. In the liver, epinephrine stimulates gluconeogenesis and blood glucose will therefore rise. 

The antimalarial activity of the linear coumarinolignan, grewin (18), was evaluated on cultures of Plasmodium falciparum clones D6 and W2 and it displayed weak antimalarial activity with no discernible cytotoxicity (69). Cleomiscosin A (9) and aquillochin (7), isolated as major constitutents from the heartwood of Acer nikoense, exhibited moderately potent vasorelaxant effects in the rat aorta using nor-epinephrine-stimulated and high K" -depolarized preparations (18). (7 S,8 S)-4 -0-Methyl-cleomiscosin D (29) and cleomiscosin D (11), isolated from Zan-thoxylum avicennae, were found to inhibit superoxide anion generation by human neutrophils in response to formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine/cytochlasin B (52). 

Adrenalin (epinephrin) stimulates phosphorylation and inactivation in adipose tissue. 

Selected Gene Expression Changes in Epinephrine-Stimulated Rat-1 Fibroblasts Expressing a1A-, a1B-, or a1D-Adrenergic Receptors... 

Data indicate the fold increase or decrease SEM of gene expression compared to epinephrine-stimulated cells that lack a,-ARs. NC, no change. (All data derived from ref. 8.)... 

Triacylglycerols can be mobilized by the hydrolytic action of lipases that are under hormonal control. Glucagon and epinephrine stimulate triacylglycerol breakdown by activating the lipase. Insulin, in contrast, inhibits lipolysis. Fatty acids are activated to acyl CoAs, transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane by carnitine, and degraded... 

The answer is d. (Murray, pp 199-207. Scriver, pp 1521-1552. Sack, pp 121-138. Wilson, pp 287-317.) Epinephrine stimulates both muscle and liver adenylate cyclase to produce cyclic AMP In the liver, the increased cyclic AMP levels activate a phosphatase that dephosphorylates fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP) while deactivating a kinase that produces... 

F-2,6-BE Thus, F-2,6-BP levels are decreased and phosphofructokinase activity is decreased. In liver and muscle, F-2,6-BP is the major allosteric activator of phosphofructokinase. In skeletal muscle, however, the kinase responsible for the synthesis of F-2,6-BP is activated, not inhibited, by cyclic AME Thus, muscle sees an increase in glycolysis following epinephrine stimulation, while the liver experiences a decrease in glycolytic activity. In both tissues, glycogen phosphorylase is activated and glycogenolysis occurs. Under these conditions, glucose is utilized in muscle for ATP production relative to contractile activity, while the liver produces glucose for export to the blood. 

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