Trophic effects

Carnivores rely on a protein-rich diet and produce new biomass primarily from dietary amino acids, although the enzymes required for de novo amino acid synthesis are present (Garmes et al., 1998). Bone collagen, muscle (meat) and apatite were analyzed for a set of modern southern African herbivores and carnivores (Lee-Thorp et al., 1989). The isotopic analyses showed i C enrichment in bone collagen, apatite and muscle, and depletion in lipids. Difference in values between herbivores and carnivores indicates a trophic effect, which for carbon in bone collagen is 2.5-3%o (Fig. 2). 

Fiber, in the form of soy polysaccharides, has been added to several EN formulations. In addition to providing an excellent energy source, potential benefits include trophic effects on colonic mucosa, promotion of sodium and water absorption, and regulation of bowel function. 

The vascular wall is a target for sexual hormones. In the particular case of estrogens, specific receptors have been found in both endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) (Venkov et al. 1996 Karas et al. 1994). The trophic effects of estrogens on the endothelium have been advocated as crucial against initiation and promotion of atherosclerosis. Thus, cellular and animal models,... 

According to results from clinical trials, the agonistic effects of tamoxifen detected in animals were also observed in the human uterus as it produces a trophic effect and an increase in the incidence of endometrial pathology, which is related to endometrial thickening (> 4 mm). Its use seems to be associated with an increase in endometrial cancer, which is related to the length of treatment and the accumulated dose of tamoxifen. Nevertheless, these tumors do not seem to be more aggressive or to have a worse prognosis than those found in women who do not follow this treatment or who receive hormone therapy. 

Bolton How do you know that getting rid of the ICCs doesn t prevent the nerves coming into the muscle There could be some sort of trophic effect. 

Hirai, C., Ichiba, H., Saito, M., Shintaku, H., Yamano, T., and Kusuda, S. (2002). Trophic effect of multiple growth factors in amniotic fluid or human milk on cultured human fetal small intestinal cells. /. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 34,524—528. 

Yan, J., Welsh, A.M., Bora, S.H., Snyder, E.Y., Koliatsos, V.E. (2004). Differentiation and tropic/trophic effects of exogenous neural precursors in the adult spinal cord. J Comp Neurol, 480, 101-14. 

Which of these chemical compounds are able to cause trophic effects after distant transport ... 

Many chemicals cause a decrease in brain size during fetal development. Changes in brain size can be caused in various ways. A decreased brain weight may be a consequence of general undernutrition caused by effects on placental functioning. Examples of other possible mechanisms are inhibition of cell multiplication or cell growth, increased cell death, disrupted trophic effects induced by changes in cell maturation and neurochemistry. 

Nevertheless, certain TA are known to exhibit agonistic activity (cholinergics), e.g. (-)-satropane (Fig. 1) or baogongteng [4], These compounds cause, e.g. smooth muscle contraction and may exhibit protective and trophic effects on retinal ganglion cells thus being considered for the treatment of glaucoma [4],... 

Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, Gow RM, Zhang Y, Kemp BE, Gilbert RE. 2004. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor transactivation mediates the trophic effects of angiotensin II in vivo. Hypertension 44 195-202. 

It has also been suggested that LF exerts mitogenic and trophic effects in the GI tract (Hambraeus and Lonnerdal, 1994). The potential regulatory role of LF in the intestinal maturation of the infant, however, warrants further research, as the observed effects may have been of non-specific character. 

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