Carpet shape

The products from the continuous process (buns) are cut to shape for the particular appflcation, while the molded foams ate formed to shape during the mol ding process. The density of the continuous buns is traditionally between 16-32 kg/m (1-2 Ibs/ft ). Molded foams have densities greater than 32 kg/m. Flexible foams find appHcafions as automotive cushions, carpet underlay, furniture, seating, and bedding. 

Resilience of textile fabrics when compressed in the bent state is related to wrinkle resistance and retention of shape, drape, and hand. Resilience is an important parameter for evaluating blankets, wearing apparel in which warmth is a factor, pUe fabrics including carpets, and bulk fiber utilization in mattresses, cushions, etc. The general method for determining compressional resilience is to compress and unload the material cycHcahy, creating a plot of compressive force versus fabric thickness. 

Powdered polyethylene is also used to bond cloth interliners to garments. Automobile carpets are often made with a polyethylene rather than a latex backing because the polyethylene-backed carpet can be heat-formed so that the carpet will fit the shape of the car floor and cutting and sewing operations are consequently eliminated. 

Acrylic Acrylonitrile units, 85% or more Warm, lightweight, shape-retentive, resilient, quick-drying, resistant to sunlight Carpeting, sweaters, skirts, baby cloths, socks, slacks, blankets, draperies Orion... 

Modacrylic Acrylonitrile units, 35%-85% Resilient, softenable at low temps., easy to dye, abrasion-resistant, quick drying, shape-retentive, resistant to acids, bases Simulated fur, scatter rugs, stuffed toys, paint rollers, carpets, hairpieces, wigs fleece fabrics Verel, Dynel... 

Modified Cross Sections. Nylon filaments are spun in a variety of cross-section shapes that include the conventional round to irregular solid and hollow shapes (Fig. 13). The cross-section shape is an important variant in designing the functionality and luster of fibers. The round cross section is used for strength in industrial applications and for subdued luster in apparel and upholstery. The multilobal cross sections are used to enhance bulk and for bright luster in both BCF and spun staple yams for carpets and upholstery. The grooves in the multilobal shapes also enhance moisture transport by wicking water through capillary action. Flat-sided ribbon-like cross sections provide cover in apparel applications. 

Elastic recovery or resilience is the recoveiy of length upon release of stress after e xtension or compression. A fiber, fabric, or carpet must possess this property in order to spring back to its original shape after being crushed or wrinkled, Polyolefin fibers have poorer resilience than nylon this is thought to be partially related to the creep properties of the polyolefins. 

As was the case with the nylon fibers, the potential polyester fibers offered in apparel, home furnishing, and industrial applications was judged to be enormous. For this potential to be realized in practice, however, some characteristics had to be improved, and others had to be engineered for specific end uses. Thus, fibers of different cross-sectional shapes were developed in order to impart anti-soiling, reflective, and resilient characteristics for rug and carpet applications. A difficulty associated with the early polyester fiber that restricted its applications was its... 

Here, dg is a spatial fractal dimension of the point set where relaxing units are interacting with the surroundings. R is the size of a sample volume section where movement of one relaxing unit occurs. Rq is the cutoff size of the scaling in the space or the size of the cooperative domain. G is a geometrical coefficient of order unity, which depends on the shape of the system heterogeneity. For example, the well-known two-dimensional recurrent fractal Sierpinski carpet has dG = ln(8)/ ln(3) 1.89, G = V3/4 0.43 [213],... 

Previous studies reported in the literature have indicated that nylon and polypropylene fibers can provide effective reinforcement for concrete [1-5]. The configurations of the fibers in carpet, nylon face yam being highly crimped and polypropylene fibers being of flat tape shape, help improve the fiber-matrix interlocking which is essential for effective reinforcement. All the major components of the carpet waste are shown to have good durability in Portland cement [1,4]. 

Figure 12.1. Typical curve of VOCs emitted from newly laid carpet as function of time (Actual values are functions of VOC content and temperature. This curve is intended only to demonstrate the shape of a typical example of carpet VOC emissions).

Figure 8.1 Schematics of peg canopy, flexible strip canopy, plastic tree canopy, and indoor-outdoor carpets on sinusoidal hill shapes (Meroney, [418]).

These expressions are sufficient to calculate wind speeds over hills for different clearcut options over alternative slope triangular hills. Meroney, 1993 [418] presented figures based using the above relations for effects of various size forest clear-cuts on hill top flowfields. These measurements were subsequently compared with windtunnel measurements of wind fields over various two-dimensional hill shapes covered with model forest canopies simulated by different depths of plastic indoor-outdoor carpeting, Meroney, et al., 1993 [419],... 

Consider a square with side 1. We divide it into nine equal squares and remove the central part. Then we repeat this procedure with each of the eight remaining squares (Fig. 4). Repeating the procedure n times (n —> oo), we obtain a shape that is called the Sierpinski carpet (Fig. 4). 

The furnishings market for flexible urethane foam can be divided into three major segments furniture, bedding, and carpet under-layment. These markets are supplied flexible foam by a larger number of firms known as the flexible slab foam industry which convert liquid chemicals to large foam buns made on a continuous conveyor. An infinite variety of cushion shapes are fabricated from the large foam buns. 

BP Chemicals have developed a polyurethane (PU) system for the production of integrally-molded sand-insulated carpets. The carpet is laminated with a PU backing to improve shape retention. It is then placed in a mold and PU foam is injected to fill the space between the car floor contours and the carpet. A carpet made with the system has been in use in the Fiat Turbo Uno. 

For purposes of compliance with section 5 and section 13, OTS will consider items being imported as articles if they are manufactured in a specific shape or design for a particular end use application, and this design is maintained as an essential feature in the finished product. Thus, materials such as metal or plastic sheets, wire, coated fabric, rolled carpet, sheets of plywood and other similar materials will be viewed as articles by OTS, even if, for example, subsequent to import they are rolled or drawn thinner, cut, printed, laminated, or thermo-... 

Texturing procedures comprise mechanical distortions of the filaments to improve fiber characteristics such as the apparent volume (bulk), stretching properties (elasticity), shape (appearance), and the perceived feel (touch, handle) of the fiber material. The textured yarns are either fine tex (1.7-2.2 tex) or heavy tex (110 00 tex) materials. The former are used in apparel applications, mainly for woven and knitted stretch fabrics the latter are used primarily for carpets. A considerable number of processes and techniques have been developed for the production of textured filaments. A compilation of relevant processes has been presented by Wagner [223]. 

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