Carpets

According to the usual procedure for preparing bromobenzene bromine is added to ben zene in the presence of metallic iron (customarily a few carpet tacks) and the reaction mixture is heated... 

Bromine although it adds rapidly to alkenes is too weak an electrophile to react at an appreciable rate with benzene A catalyst that increases the electrophilic properties of bromine must be present Somehow carpet tacks can do this How7... 

Carpet underlayment Carprofen [5371d-49-7] Carrafat Carrageenan... 

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The largest market for elastomer-based adhesives is that of lamination (see Laminates). Modem office furniture having Formica as a surfacing material is made with an elastomer-based adhesive. Tile adhesives for ceramic or carpet tile are also elastomer-based and usually solvent appHed. Paper adhesives and shoe manufacture also use substantial quantities of mbber-based materials. Solvent-weld adhesives are used to join plastic plumbing and to repair vinyl sheeting. 

Polyamides. In 1988, 77% of U.S. demand for adipic acid was for nylon-6,6 fiber, while 11% was used in nyon-6,6 resins (195). In Western Europe only about 66% was for polyamide, because of the stronger competition from nylon-6. The fiber appHcations include carpets (67%), apparel (13%), tire cord (7%), and miscellaneous (13%). Nylon-6,6 resins were distributed between injection mol ding (85%) for such appHcations as automotive and electrical parts and for extmsion resins (15%) for strapping, film, and wire and cable. 

Typical textile fibers have linear densities in the range of 0.33—1.66 tex (3 to 15 den). Fibers in the 0.33—0.66 tex (3—6 den) range are generally used in nonwoven materials as well as in woven and knitted fabrics for use in apparel. Coarser fibers are generally used in carpets, upholstery, and certain industrial textiles. A recent development in fiber technology is the category of microfibers, with linear densities <0.11 tex (1 den) and as low as 0.01 tex. These fibers, when properly spun into yams and subsequendy woven into fabrics, can produce textile fabrics that have excellent drape and softness properties as well as improved color clarity (16). 

Electrically Conducting Fibers. FlectricaHy conducting fibers are useful in blends with fibers of other types to achieve antistatic properties in apparel fabrics and carpets. The process developed by Nippon Sanmo Dyeing Co., for example, is reportedly used by Asahi in Casbmilon 2.2 dtex (2 den) staple fibers. Courtaulds claims a flame-resistant electrically conductive fiber produced by reaction with guanadine and treatment with copper sulfide (97). 

Resistance to Microorganisms and Insects. Resistance of triacetate to microorganisms, based on soil-burial tests, is high, approaching that of polyester, acryUc, and nylon fibers. Sod-burial test results on acetate, triacetate, and cotton are shown in Figure 8. Neither acetate nor triacetate fiber is readdy attacked by moths or carpet beedes. 

Physical Properties. Table 1 (2) shows that olefin fibers differ from other synthetic fibers in two important respects (/) olefin fibers have very low moisture absorption and thus excellent stain resistance and almost equal wet and dry properties, and (2) the low density of olefin fibers allows a much lighter weight product at a specified size or coverage. Thus one kilogram of polypropylene fiber can produce a fabric, carpet, etc, with much more fiber per unit area than a kilogram of most other fibers. 

Texturing. The final step in olefin fiber production is texturing the method depends primarily on the appHcation. For carpet and upholstery, the fiber is usually bulked, a procedure in which fiber is deformed by hot air or steam jet turbulence in a no22le and deposited on a moving screen to cool. The fiber takes on a three-dimensional crimp that aids in developing bulk and coverage in the final fabric. Stuffer box crimping, a process in which heated tow is overfed into a restricted oudet box, imparts a two-dimensional sawtooth crimp commonly found in olefin staple used in carded nonwovens and upholstery yams. 

Slit-Film Fiber. A substantial volume of olefin fiber is produced by slit-film or film-to-fiber technology (29). For producing filaments with high linear density, above 0.7 tex (6.6 den), the production economics ate more favorable than monofilament spinning (29). The fibers are used primarily for carpet backing and rope or cordage appHcations. The processes used to make slit-film fibers are versatile and economical. 

Olefin fibers are used for a variety of purposes from home furnishings to industrial appHcations. These include carpets, upholstery, drapery, rope, geotextiles (qv), and both disposable and nondisposable nonwovens. Fiber mechanical properties, relative chemical inertness, low moisture absorption, and low density contribute to desirable product properties. Table 7 gives a breakdown of olefin fiber consumption by use (73—75). Olefin fiber use in apparel... 

Polypropylene fibers are used in every aspect of carpet constmetion from face fiber to primary and secondary backings. Polypropylene s advantages over jute as carpet backing are dimensional stabiUty and minimal moisture absorption. Drawbacks include difficulty in dyeing and higher cost. Bulked-continuous-filament (BCF) carpet yams provide face fiber with improved crimp and elasticity. BCF carpet yams are especially important in contract carpets, characterized by low dense loops, where easy cleaning is an advantage. 

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