Carcinogenicity chronic

T (with its contaminant TCDD), might increase their risk of adverse health effects, particularly various forms of cancer. Animal studies do not support the notion that 2,4,5-T itself is carcinogenic. Chronic feeding studies in rats did not produce an increased mmor incidence, even at doses of 30mg/l /day, which produced toxic effects. The lARC has determined that there is inadequate evidence for carcinogenicity of 2,4,5-T in animals and that... 

At the other extreme are effects such as endocrine disruption, carcinogenicity, chronic toxicity and ozone depletion, which are not apparent to those who deal with the chemical. Causal relationships between specific chemicals and their effects are generally difficult to prove, perhaps because they occur remote from the site of use of the chemical, either in time or space, or because they are caused by very low concentrations, or perhaps only when other substances are also present. A much greater proportion of those who suffer from these effects than the first sort will not have had any dealings with the chemical as a chemical substance, so will be unaware of their exposure to it. 

Not classifiable as a human carcinogen. Chronic exposure causes permanent, although moderate, reduction in pulmonary function and corrosion of teeth. 

Although ethanol by itself is not carcinogenic, chronic consumption of ethanol increases the risk of some cancers. These include cancer of the throat, esophagus, pancreas, small intestine, colon, and liverJ31 ... 

Chronic Exposure and Carcinogenicity. Chronic oral and inhalation studies of NDMA have been conducted with rats and mice. These studies indicate that the predomin nt effect of chronic exposure to NDMA is cancer. As low doses of NDMA have been tested in chronic oral studies and it is established that intermediate duration exposure to NDMA is sufficient to induce cancer, additional chronic studies may not be needed. 

Toxicity The acute toxicity of hexamethylphosphoramide is low. HMPA can cause irritation upon contact with the skin and eyes. Hexamethylphosphoramide has been found to cause cancer in laboratory animals exposed by inhalation and meets the criteria for classification as an OSHA "select carcinogen." Chronic exposure to HMPA can cause damage to the lungs and kidneys. Reproductive effects in male animals treated with hexamethylphosphoramide have been observed. HMPA should be regarded as a substance with poor warning properties. 

Industrial Applications Adhesives " paints " inks " toners coloring cigarette papers, textiles Safety/Toxicity Carcinogenicity chronic toxicity clastogenic effects DNA repair embryotoxicity food allergy hepatotoxicity occupational asthma reproductive toxicity teratogenicity Certification/Approval Certified by Biological Stain Commission (BSC)... 

Safety/Toxiclty Acute toxicity carcinogenicity " " chronic toxicity cytotoxicity " effects on chromo-... 

Safety/Toxicity Carcinogenicity chronic toxicity cytotoxicity hepatotoxicity mitochondrial dam-age mutagenicity nephrotoxicity neurotoxici-j.y 38-40 ototoxicity " phototoxicity pulmonary... 

In additional EPA studies, subchronic inhalation was evaluated ia the rat for 4 and 13 weeks, respectively, and no adverse effects other than nasal irritation were noted. In the above-mentioned NTP chronic toxicity study ia mice, no chronic toxic effects other than those resulting from bronchial irritation were noted. There was no treatment-related increase ia tumors ia male mice, but female mice had a slight increase in bronchial tumors. Neither species had an increase in cancer. Naphthalene showed no biological activity in other chemical carcinogen tests, indicating Htde cancer risk (44). No incidents of chronic effects have been reported as a result of industrial exposure to naphthalene (28,41). 

Pyridine Chronic Toxicology. AH mutagenicity tests have been negative and (1) is not considered a carcinogen or potential carcinogen. There have been no reports of adverse health effects on long-term exposure to (1) at low concentrations. 

Vanillin has a low potential for acute and chronic toxicity, with a reported oral LD q in rats of 1580—3300 mg/kg. Dietary doses up to 20,000 ppm adrninistered to rats for two years resulted in no adverse toxicologic or carcinogenic effects. Vanillin is classified as a GRAS substance by EEMA. Consequently, at levels normally found in the human diet, vanillin would present no significant health or carcinogenic risk to humans. 

Antimony tfioxide is currently designated as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (lARC) and ACGIH (31). However, a chronic inhalation study, conducted by the Antimony Oxide Industry Association (AOIA), found no evidence of carcinogenicity (31,32). 

J. M. HoUand and co-workers. Chronic Dermal Toxicity ofEpoyj Resins I. Skin Carcinogenic Potenj and General Toxicity, report ORNL-5762, prepared for the U.S. DOE by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Term., 1981. 

Indicators of toxicity hazards include LD50, LC50, plus a wide range of in vitro and in vivo techniques for assessment of skin and eye indtation, skin sensitization, mutagenicity, acute and chronic dermal and inhalation toxicity, reproductive toxicology, carcinogenicity etc. 

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