Bottle application

To increase the PET molecular weight beyond 20 000 g/mol (IV = 0.64 dL/g) for bottle applications, with minimum generation of acetaldehyde and yellowing, a further polycondensation is performed in the solid state at low reaction temperatures of between 220 and 235 °C. The chemistry of the solid-state polycondensation (SSP) process is the same as that for melt-phase polycondensation. Mass-transport limitation and a very low transesterification rate cause the necessary residence time to increase from 60-180 minutes in the melt phase to... 

Degradation and side reactions are limited in the solid state due to the lower processing temperatures used. PET, for use in bottle applications, is a notable example. Small concentrations of acetaldehyde (AA), a by-product of degradation and side reactions in PET, can affect the taste of carbonated soft drinks and mineral water. The SSP process is the best means of achieving PET bottles with acceptable levels of AA. 

Indeed, the increasing industrial significance of the SSP process can be directly related to the success of the PET bottle. PET was introduced for use in drinking bottle applications in the mid 1970s and the SSP process was required to reduce the AA level below that achievable in the melt phase while increasing... 

Some additional aspects regarding the quality of polyester for bottle application are reviewed at this stage, as the polymer quality is of utmost importance to bottle manufacturing. 

Upgrading of recycled PET flake to resin suitable for bottling applications (>0.80 dL/g)... 

PET is a material that finds widespread use for soft drink and beverage bottle applications. For injection or blow moulding applications, high-molecular-weight... 

Most of the polyester produced in the United States ends up in fiber applications—see the Fibers section below—but the growth of bottling applications, especially for beer, could change the percentages. 

The di-aromatic 2,6 dimethylnaphthalene (26DMN) is of particular interest for the production of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN). PEN has superior oxygen barrier and temperature resistance properties relative to PET, making it a top prospect for applications in beer bottling and reusable plastic bottle applications. Because of its superior properties to neat PET (PEN can also be incorporated into PET resin) it has a good possibility of growing in demand. 

Notice that there is variation in values not only between polymer types, but within polymer type due to processing differences. Tensile strength is of most importance to the soda bottle application, since the contents are under pressure, and factors such as hoop stress (see Section 8.1) come into play. PET is obviously an excellent choice for this application from a tensile strength standpoint, as would be oriented polypropylene (OPP). 

Isophthalic Acid. Although m-xylene is an abundant material, it has limited demand as a chemical raw material. The only major outlet is in the manufacture of isophthalic acid. More than 220 million pounds were produced in the United States in 1992, primarily for use in preparing alkyd resins and unsaturated polyester resins. Small amounts also are used in PET bottle applications. 

PLA is available in grades suitable for manufacture of injection stretch blow moulded bottles. It is claimed these offer comparable organoleptic properties to glass and PET making it suitable for a variety of short shelf-life food and beverage bottling applications. 

In 1977 PET bottles were introduced to the USA and from then until approximately 1995 there was rapid growth of PET tonnage into bottle applications. PET bottle applications expanded and as time went by there grew a realisation that there were limitations in the use of PET, the major... 

This PET recyelate is used mainly in the nonfood sector, because of hygienic concerns. Small amounts of recyclate are used in bottle-to-bottle applications. In the sandwich process a core of recyclate is coated inside and outside by virgin PET. In this case up to 40% recyclate can be used. 

Akkapeddi, M.K. Socci, E.P. Kraft, T.J. Worley, D.C. Oxygen Scavenging Polyamide Compositions Suitable for PET Bottle Applications. U.S. Patent 6,610,234, Aug 26, 2003 Honeywell International. 

PET is a material that finds widespread use for soft drink and beverage bottle applications. For injection or blow moulding applications, high-molecular-weight PET Mn > 30000 is required. While PET with of 15 000 — 25 000 can be achieved by a standard melt-polymerization process, the high-molecular-weight PET grades require a solid-state polymerization process. Commercial solid-state polymerization process systems are usually composed of a crystallizer and a polymerization reactor. First, melt-polymerized chips are fed into the crystallizer unit and crystallized to the extent of about 40 %. In a second step, tlie crystallized chips are fed into a polymerization reactor vessel and then polymerized in the solid state at a temperature of around 220 °C. 

Polyesters form a large class of commercially important polymers. A typical polyester is poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETP), the largest volume synthetic fiber. It is also used as film (mylar) and in bottle applications. We have already discussed in the preceding section one of the routes for the preparation of PETP. The traditional route for the production of commercial PETP is through two successive ester interchange reactions, as shown below ... 

Kawamoto N, et al. Advantages of PP bottle application—ISBM-PP bottle with a novel clarifier. International Polyolefins, conference proceedings. Society of Plastics Engineers 2008. 

The FDA moved to ban BPA from baby bottle applications at the request of the American Chemistry Council and after its use in baby bottles has been phased out voluntarily by the industry. 

French firm Adeka Palmarole, the European arm of Japanese polymer additives company Adeka Corp, introduced nucleating agent for poly (ethylene terephthalate), T-1465N. The examples of applications include glass-filled PET for injection molding and the production of PET bottles. The 200 ppm of T-1465N in the PET bottle application reduces the cycle time by half ... 

Environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) is critical to many blow molded bottle applications. Changes in MW which may affect rheology may also affect ESCR, therefore it was a logical step to observe changes in ESCR with multiple extrusion passes. 

The HDPE prepared with the Cr-based Phillips catalyst is the primary resin used in blow molding to manufacture various types of bottles. The two primary HDPE bottle applications are the milk bottle resin and the household industrial chemical (HIC) resin, with typical resin specifications summarized in Table 6.12. 

Table 6.12 Primary blow molding bottle applications.

Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate in Textile or Bottle Applications... 

Terylene film is used mainly in the manufacture of food packaging. It is expensive but due to its high strength, it can be used as a very thin film which keeps costs down. When used as a thin film it is sometimes laminated with other lower cost film. Its high softening point renders it attractive in the boil-in-the-bag food market. It is used extensively in drink bottling applications. 

Nanostructured polymer blends have drawn considerable interest because of their enhanced properties, including flame resistance, mechanical properties, gas-barrier properties [37-39], thermal stability, and biodegradability when compared with pristine polymers. Nanostructured polymer blends have also been used in various consumer products and in construction and transportation industries, with specific impact on technologies, such as barrier layer materials, drinks packaging applications, bottle applications, protective coatings, and adhesive molding compounds. 

Little is known concerning the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties with increased levels of RPET -PET blends for ISBM bottle applications. Variations in crystalline morphologies are dependant on processing methods and techniques thereof One such method for ensuring thermal stability and material integrity for PET containers is via the heat-setting process. 

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