Carbonate filled paper

Figure 13. Felt side of carbonate filled paper (C in Table IV). Scanning electron...

Uses Optical brightener for stock applic. in sized and unsized papers, esp. neutrally sized and calcium carbonate-filled papers and for use in coatings which contain casein as a sec. binder Features H igh ly su bstantive exhibits very good buildup even at low cones. very good stability to hard and soft water and alkaline conditions for use continuously or batchwise compat. with most anionic and nonionic prods. Properties Yel.-brn. clear liq. readily dilutable with water dens. 1.211 kg/ I vise. < 150 mPa s (20 C), < 600 mPa s (0 C) solid, pt. -18 C pH 8.5 anionic... 

As calcium carbonate whiskers have special directivity, high whiteness, and high filling, they can be used to fill paper. Not only can this produce inexpensive high-quality paper, but it can also make paper with special performance requirements, such as flame-retardant paper used for interior decoration, and so forth. It shows excellent printabillty compared with granular calcium carbonate filled paper, and reveals great application prospects. 

Schmitz et al. [184] tested various carbon fiber papers with different thicknesses as cathode DLs in PEM fuel cells. It was observed that the cell resistance dropped when the thickness of the DL increased thus, thicker materials are desired in order to improve the electrical conductivity. It was also mentioned that the optimal thickness for the DL is usually between the thinnest and the thickest materials because the two extremes give the lowest performance. In fact, in thin DLs, the water produced can fill pores within the material, resulting in flooding and the blockage of available flow paths for the oxygen. Similarly, Lin and Nguyen [108] concluded that thinner DLs (without MPLs) were more prone to liquid water accumulation than thicker ones. 

Fillers. The buffering action of an alkaline filler is necessary to ensure permanence in filled paper. Retained alkalinity in the paper as it ages would resist any drop in pH that might result from absorption of either carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide from the air. Acidic fillers, such as certain types of clay, accelerate the aging process. Calcium carbonate is an ideal filling material for permanent paper as well as for some grades not requiring permanency. In fact, the work of Barrow made the use of calcium carbonate a requirement in the manufacture of permanent book papers (1). 

Hercules Kymene 557 is the cationic, water-soluble, wet strength resin, which conservators know because of its use in the manufacture of calcium carbonate filled P/D paper. In its synthesis, a condensation polymer of adipic acid and diethylene triamine is reacted with epichloro-hydrin to introduce reactive epoxy groups. The behavior of Kymene in dispersed fiber has been investigated by Bates (6,7). 

For example, it is no use using large amounts of expensive sizing agent for a low-cost product, such as newsprint, unless it is possible to obtain a premium price for the product. Other examples are using rosin size in highly filled paper with calcium carbonate, when the use of AKD/ASA is far more efficient due to the system pH. 

In this method, carbon nanotube paper is synthesized in situ by using trichlorobenzene (TCB) as a precursor. There are some reports on the one-step method in which carbon nanotube paper is grown by the CVD method. Ferromagnetic carbon nanotube paper filled with Fe nanowires (Fe-CNT) was synthesized in situ without using any surfactant or add treatment. The one-step method is much simpler than the two-step method. The organic solvent can be avoided in the one-step process. While, good mechanical properties are obtained. However, high impurity content limits the applications of carbon nanotube paper made by the one-step method. 

Fulmer and co-workers [22] have shown clear evidence of faster incorporation and lower melt viscosity in calcium carbonate filled polypropylene homo-polymer. However, despite the widespread use of fatty acids for improving processability, melt viscosity reductions are not always obtained. Bohlin and co-workers have published an interesting paper on the effect of stearic acid treatment of a dolomite filler in polypropylene [23]. They found... 

Calcium carbonate is a cheap, commercially available inorganic particle and has been widely used as an inorganic filler in the manufacture of paint, paper, rubber, and plastics and in the production of toothpaste and binding agents [80,81]. Usually, the commercially available micrometer-size calcium carbonates have been used to merely reduce the cost of expensive resins however, the improvement in the various properties such as mechanical property of micrometer-size calcium carbonate-filled... 

Ever since Curl, Kroto, and Smalley were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery of the fullerenes, I open the oral exam for the bachelor in organic chemistry with the question How many allotropes of carbon are there The upright student will give Three as an answer, but the good one will say At least three . In fact, the number of conceivable scaffolds that can be constructed with this basic building block is endless just take a piece of paper and your carbon-filled pencil On the other hand, that this question is new in organic chemistry, can be maintained only by those who know little about the history of our discipline. 

In what may become a major market for ultrafine ground calcium carbonate, work has been done in Germany on filled HDPE plastic paper. Notched Izod impact resistance with 40% imtreated filler was better than stearate coated filler at the 30 to 40% level, while the Unnotched Izod was slightly lower than the unfilled. The Germans have also developed a biodegradable agricultural mulch, using calcium carbonate filled HDPE. 

Though functionally and chemically similar, fillers and pigments ate distinguished from one another in that fillers are added at the wet end of the paper machine, and serve to fill the sheet pigments are added at the size press and serve to alter the surface of the sheet. The most common fillers are mineral pigments, eg, clay, titanium dioxide [13463-67-7] calcium carbonate, siUca [7631-86-9], hydrated alumina [21645-51 -2], and talc [14807-96-6]. 

In this paper, our present knowledge and understanding with regard to nanoparticles, filled nanocapsules, and the related carbon materials are described. 

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