Carbon tetrachloride and ethanol

Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, (C2H5)2N CS S Na+. This reagent is generally used as a 2 per cent aqueous solution it decomposes rapidly in solutions of low pH. It is an effective extraction reagent for over 20 metals into various organic solvents, such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and ethanol. The selectivity is enhanced by the control of pH and the addition of masking agents. 

For example, carbon tetrachloride and ethanol are together more toxic to the liver than would be expected from simply adding their toxicities together (DETR, 1999, Box 1.4). 

A perrhenic acid solution is prepared as under Part A and is added to a suspension of 25 g. of triphenylphosphine in 250 ml. of absolute ethanol in a 500-ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with a stirrer and a reflux condenser. The solution is stirred while it is heated to boihng and refluxed for 10 minutes. The soHd is filtered from the hot solution and washed with two 50-ml. portions of ethanol and five 50-ml. portions of diethyl ether. The yield is 12.2 g. (89%) (checkers report 97% yield) of diamagnetic gray-green prisms, m.p. 190 to 198° with decomposition (checkers report 195°), soluble in benzene, chloroform, and dichloro-methane, and insoluble in light petroleum, carbon tetrachloride, and ethanol. Anal. Calcd. for ReOCl2(OEt)-2P — (C H6)3 Cl, 8.4 Re, 22.1. Found (by checkers) Cl, 8.1 Re, 21.4. 

Conversely, if the overall toxic response following exposure to two toxic compounds is greater than the sum of the individual responses, this effect is known as synergism. For example carbon tetrachloride and ethanol together are more toxic to the liver than each is separately. 

Though still relevant today, solvents nsed to extract coal have been classified into four groups (Oele et al., 1951). Solvents in the first category, nonspecific extraction, extract only a few percent of the coal at temperatures below about 100°C (212°F). These solvents (e.g., benzene, hexane, carbon tetrachloride, and ethanol) extract only a few percent of the coal thought to be primarily resins and waxes. In specific extraction, the coal material solubilized can typically amount to about 20% to 40% w/w at temperatures up to about 200°C (390°F). Many of these solvents are (1) nucleophilic, (2) have electron donor-acceptor properties, and (3) high internal pressure. However, it must be recognized in any such system that the efficiency of solvents in this system is closely related (even dictated) by temperature. 

In order to examine the interaction of n electrons of benzene ring with the quinonic oxygen groups, these coworkers substituted carbon tetrachloride and cyclohexane, two nonpolar liquids, for benzene and studied the composite isotherms from methanol-carbon tetrachloride and ethanol-cyclo-hexane solutions. Ethanol was substituted for methanol because methanol and cyclohexane are not completely soluble in all proportions. In the case of these systems, the interaction of carbon tetrachloride... 

Absolute ethanol (400 ml.) is vigorously stirred in a 1-1. widenecked Erlenmeyer flask immersed in an ice bath (Note 4). The tropylium hexachlorophosphate-tropylium chloride double salt4 is separated from the reaction mixture by suction filtration, washed briefly with fresh carbon tetrachloride, and transferred as rapidly as possible into the cold, well-stirred ethanol (Note 5). The salt dissolves rapidly and exothermally to give a reddish solution. Fifty milliliters (0.39 mole) of 50% aqueous fluoboric acid is added rapidly to the cold stirred solution (Note 6). The dense white precipitate of tropylium fluoborate that forms is separated by suction filtration, washed with a little cold ethanol and with ether, and air-dried at room temperature (Note 7) weight 34-38 g. (80-89%) decomposition point about 200° A j, HC1 218 mja (log e 4.70), 274 m/i (log e 3.61). The product is 98-100% pure (Notes 8 and 9). 

Comparing equations 13.8 and 13.9, it is seen that the adiabatic saturation temperature i > equal to the wet-bulb temperature when s = h/hDpA. This is the case for most water vapour systems and accurately so when Jf = 0.047. The ratio (h/hopAs) = b is sometimes known as the psychrometric ratio and, as indicated, b is approximately unity for the air-water system. For most systems involving air and an organic liquid, b = 1.3 - 2.5 and the wet-bulb temperature is higher than the adiabatic saturation temperature. This was confirmed in 1932 by SHERWOOD and COMINGS 2 who worked with water, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride, and n-propyl acetate, and found that the wet-bulb temperature was always higher than the adiabatic saturation temperature except in the case of water. 

Castillo, T., Koop, D.R., Kamimura, S., Triadafilopoulos, G. and Tsukamoto, H. (1992). Role of cytochrome P-450 2E1 in ethanol-, carbon tetrachloride- and iron-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation. Hepatology 16, 992-996. 

Compounds with high dielectric constants such as water, ethanol and acetonitrile, tend to heat readily. Less polar substances like aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons or compounds with no net dipole moment (e. g. carbon dioxide, dioxane, and carbon tetrachloride) and highly ordered crystalline materials, are poorly absorbing. 

Ikatsu H, Nakajima T. 1992. Hepatotoxic interaction between carbon tetrachloride and chloroform in ethanol treated rats. Arch Toxicol 66(8) 580-586. 

The tertiary amine thus obtained was dissolved in absolute ethanol and was refluxed for two days with five molar percent excess of the appropriate bromoalkane (97% Humphrey Chemical, North Haven, Conn.). Solvent was removed and the residue in aqueous Na2C03 solution was extracted with hexane to remove any unreacted bromoalkane. Next, the N-alkyl N-benzyl N-methylglycine was extracted into chloroform from the aqueous layer. Solvent was stripped off and the crude material was recrystallized thrice from carbon tetrachloride and twice from THF/CHCl3 (60 40 v/v) mixture. The yields of the purified betaines were about 75% of the theoretical. 

Soluble in ethanol, ether (U.S. EPA, 1985) miscible with chlorinated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, and tetrachloroethane. 

Miscible with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethanol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, methanol, propylene glycol, toluene, xylene (Windholz et al., 1983), and ethylbenzene. 

TelluranthreneP Finely powdered tellurium (2.3 g, 18 mmol) and 2.5 g (9.0 mmol) of o-phenylenel mercury are intimately mixed by grinding in a mortar, the mixture is placed in the well of a sublimation apparatus, which is then evacuated to <1 torr. The well of the sublimation apparatus is heated at 250°C in a bath of Wood s metal for 10 h, and the cold finger is cooled with dry ice. The sublimed solids are dissolved in chloroform, the solution is decanted through a filter, the solvent is evaporated, and the residue is recrystaUized from carbon tetrachloride or ethanol/benzene. Yield 1.05 g (57%). m.p. 179°C. 

In animal studies acetone has been found to potentiate the toxicity of other solvents by altering their metabolism through induction of microsomal enzymes, particularly cytochrome P-450. Reported effects include enhancement of the ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex in mice by reduction of the elimination rate of ethanol increased hepatotoxicity of compounds such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene in the rat potentiation of acrylonitrile toxicity by altering the rate at which it is metabolized to cyanide and potentiation of the neurotoxicity of -hexane by altering the toxicokinetics of its 2,4-hexane-dione metabolite.Because occupationally exposed workers are most often exposed to a mixmre of solvents, use of the rule of additivity may underestimate the effect of combined exposures. ... 

White or light-yellow crystalline solid (or amorphous sohd depending on the method of production) odor of HCl hygroscopic melts at 190°C at 2.5 atm sublimes at 181.2°C density 2.44 g/cm at 25°C decomposes in water evolving heat soluble in HCl soluble in many organic solvents, including absolute ethanol, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and ether slightly soluble in benzene. 

Orange yellow triclinic crystals or fluffy powder hygroscopic density 3.111 g/cm3 at 15°C sublimes at 64°C with decomposition melts at 101°C at 16 atm hydrolyzes in water soluble in ethanol, carbon tetrachloride and benzene soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid but hydrolyzes in dilute acid. 

Haloalkanes. Certain haloalkanes and haloalkane-containing mixtures have been demonstrated to potentiate carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity. Pretreatment of rats with trichloroethylene (TCE) enhanced carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, and a mixture of nontoxic doses of TCE and carbon tetrachloride elicited moderate to severe liver injury (Pessayre et al. 1982). The researchers believed that the interaction was mediated by TCE itself rather than its metabolites. TCE can also potentiate hepatic damage produced by low (10 ppm) concentrations of carbon tetrachloride in ethanol pretreated rats (Ikatsu and Nakajima 1992). Acetone was a more potent potentiator of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity than was TCE, and acetone pretreatment also enhanced the hepatotoxic response of rats to a TCE-carbon tetrachloride mixture (Charbonneau et al. 1986). The potentiating action of acetone may involve not only increased metabolic activation of TCE and/or carbon tetrachloride, but also possible alteration of the integrity of organelle membranes. Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver necrosis and lipid peroxidation in the rat has been reported to be potentiated by 1,2- dichloroethane in an interaction that does not involve depletion of reduced liver glutathione, and that is prevented by vitamin E (Aragno et al. 1992). 

Carlson GP. 1989. Effect of ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl ethyl ketone on butanol oxidase activity in rat lung and liver. J Toxicol Environ Health 27 255-261. 

The main obstacle to percntaneous penetration of water and xenobiotics is the onter-most membrane of the epidermis. This is called the stratum comeum. All entry of substances through the stratum comeum occurs by passive diffusion across several cell layers. The locus of entry varies, depending on the chemical properties of xenobiotics. Polar substances are believed to penetrate cell membranes through the protein filaments nonpolar ones enter through the hpid matrix. Hydration of the stratnm comenm increases its permeability for polar substances. Electrolytes enter mainly in a nonionized form, and thus the pH of the solution applied to the skin affects permeabUity. Many hpophdic substances, such as carbon tetrachloride and organophosphate insecticides, readily penetrate the stratum comeum. Pretreatment of the skin with solvents, snch as dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, ethanol, hexane, acetone, and, in particular, a mixture of chloroform and methanol, increases permeability of the skin (Loomis, 1978). 

Block copolymer of butadiene-1,3 and isoprene OH 3100 1.6 silica gel carbon tetrachloride — chloroform — ethanol (g) LC 14,18)... 

Data on the influence of solvents as sensitizers in the vapor phase were collected for water, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, methanol, ethanol, formaldehyde, acetone, acetic add, acetic anhydride and methyl propionate (157). 

N 9.13% small, carmine red plates with a metallic luster mp 159° (decompn). Moderately sol in acet, ethanol and pyridine, si sol in chlf, eth and toluene insol in carbon tetrachloride and It petr. Prepn is by reacting an aq soln of Tl diethyl hydroxide with picramic acid, and then evapg the soln to dryness. The product is crystd from ethanol. The phenoxide explds violently when moistened with fuming nitric acid... 

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