Carbon polymer compound

Particulate fillers are divided into two types, inert fillers and reinforcing fillers. The term inert filler is something of a misnomer as many properties may be affected by incorporation of such a filler. For example, in a plasticised PVC compound the addition of an inert filler will reduce die swell on extrusion, increase modulus and hardness, may provide a white base for colouring, improve electrical insulation properties and reduce tackiness. Inert fillers will also usually substantially reduce the cost of the compound. Amongst the fillers used are calcium carbonates, china clay, talc, and barium sulphate. For normal uses such fillers should be quite insoluble in any liquids with which the polymer compound is liable to come into contact. 

For this reason tribasic lead sulphate, a good heat stabiliser which gives polymer compounds with better electrical insulation properties than lead carbonate, has increased in popularity in recent years at the expense of white lead. Its weight cost is somewhat higher than that of lead carbonate but less than most other stabilisers. This material is used widely in rigid compounds, in electrical insulation compounds and in general purpose formulations. 

The entire spectrum of inorganic fibers can be divided into two classes, based on differences in the crystallinity of the solids (Ray, 1978). Synthetic fibers have been known as man-made mineral fibers (MMMF) and manmade vitreous fibers (MMVF). But fibrous materials can be approached or divided in other ways. For example, in the Concise Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (1985) the entry for chemical fibers includes both manmade and natural polymers, with the discussion centering on carbon-based compounds such as acetates, acrylics, and cellulose. Fibers of other inorganic compounds were not mentioned in the encyclopedia under this entry, but silica glass fibers were described under the heading Optical Fibers. ... 

Acknowledgment This project was financially supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, the Applied Science Division of NWO, the technology program of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands. It was also supported by Timcal Graphite and Carbon and Hexagon Polymers Compounding. 

Conducting carbon polymer ink, which filled a UV-ablated microchannel, was used to construct the integrated microelectrode on a plastic chip. Both chronoamperometry and CV were employed to detect a model compound (fer-rocenecarboxylic acid) down to 3 iM, corresponding to 0.4 fmol within a volume 120 pL [758], In another report, a carbon-paste electrode was constructed by filling a laser-ablated (PET or PC) channel with C ink. The whole structure was then cured at 70°C for 2 h [189]. 

Testing procedure A standardized procedure which requires choice of solvent for extraction. In PE determinations, xylene was used as a solvent." A more complex procedure was used to determine the gel content in radiation crosslinked PVC filled with calcium carbonate. The compound was extracted with tetrahydrofuran, and non-dissolved residue was determined. This residue was then used for determination of chlorine by the Schoniger method. From the amount of chlorine, the concentration of polymer was established. The remainder of the gel content was a filler embedded by gel. " ... 

The semi-conducting properties of conjugated polymers originate from the delocalized n orbitals formed in these carbon-containing compounds such as poly(phenylene vinylene), polythiophene and polyfparaphenylene). Like the OLED s described above, the polymer-OLED consists of a linninescent film, sandwiched between an anode and a cathode. 

With the help of similarities and differences between processing of conventional polymers and carbon-blackfilled compounds on one side and processing of ICP on the other side, the need for an integrated chemical, physical, and processing view on ICP is shown. In conclusion, the value of processing ICPs via dispersion into materials of well defined structure and morphology for basic research as well as its emerging industrial use, is pointed out. 

This has led to a large number of carbon-black compounds on the basis of—by now—almost all thermoplastic polymers [30], Rubbers have also been antistatically treated. 

The rheology of conductive carbon-black compounds (and in general of solvent-free dispersions in polymers)... 

Our first attempts in this direction led to completely new findings in the field of carbon-black compounds and also directly to new developments capable of practical exploitation. In conjunction with ICP research we have developed new ideas about interactions and structure formation in solvent-free polymer dispersions. This materials-oriented approach has also—with processing research as an integrated element—made contributions to a better fundamental understanding of... 

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data for carbon-black compounds and conductive polymer blends [72c], supported by recent transmission electron microscopy (TEM) evaluations [79,80] (shown in Figure 11.39) were made, they also contradict the assumption of a statistical distribution. We find complete dispersion below the critical volume concentration (I) and a sudden stiucture formation ( branched flocculate chains ) at the critical volume concentration. This structural feature remains at higher concentrations. 

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