Carbon nanotube as electrodes

Chen, J.H., Li, W.Z., Wang, D.Z., et al. (2002). Electrochemical characterization of carbon nanotubes as electrode in electrochemical double-layer capaciton. Carbon, 40, 1193-7. 

Rosen, R., W. Simendinger, C. Debbault, H. Shimoda, L. Fleming, B. Stoner, and O. Zhou. 2000. Application of carbon nanotubes as electrodes in gas discharge tubes. Applied Physics Letters 76(13) 1668-1670. 

Carbon nanotubes as electrode modifier promoting direct electron transfer from Shewanella oneidensis. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 25, 1248-1251. 

Pico F, Rojo JM, Sanjuan ML, Anson A, Benito AM, CaUejas MA, Maser WK, Martinez MT (2004) Single-walled carbon nanotubes as electrodes in supercapacitors. J Electrochem Soc 151(6) A831-A837... 

CNTs have been one of the most actively studied electrode materials in the past few years due to their unique electronic and mechanical properties. From a chemistry point of view, CNTs are expected to exhibit inherent electrochemical properties similar to other carbon electrodes widely used in various electrochemical applications. Unlike other carbon-based nanomaterials such as C60 and C70 [31], CNTs show very different electrochemical properties. The subtle electronic properties suggest that carbon nanotubes will have the ability to mediate electron transfer reactions with electroactive species in solution when used as the electrode material. Up to now, carbon nanotube-based electrodes have been widely used in electrochemical sensing [32-35], CNT-modified electrodes show many advantages which are described in the following paragraphs. 

CNT randomly dispersed composites Many soft and rigid composites of carbon nanotubes have been reported [17]. The first carbon-nanotube-modified electrode was made from a carbon-nanotube paste using bromoform as an organic binder (though other binders are currently used for the paste formation, i.e. mineral oil) [105]. In this first application, the electrochemistry of dopamine was proved and a reversible behavior was found to occur at low potentials with rates of electron transfer much faster than those observed for graphite electrodes. Carbon-nanotube paste electrodes share the advantages of the classical carbon paste electrode (CPE) such as the feasibility to incorporate different substances, low background current, chemical inertness and an easy renewal nature [106,107]. The added value with CNTs comes from the enhancement of the electron-transfer reactions due to the already discussed mechanisms. 

Liu, Y, Liu, L., and Dong, S., Electrochemical characteristics of glucose oxidase adsorbed at carbon nanotubes modified electrode with ionic liquid as binder. Electroanalysis, 19,55-59, 2007. 

Wu JB, Tu JP, Yu Z, Zhang XB. Electrochemical investigation of carbon nanotubes as additives in positive electrodes of Ni/MH batteries. J Electrochem Soc 2006 153 A1847-A1851. 

Moriguchi I, Hidaka R, Yamada H, Kudo T, Murakami H, Nakashima N. A mesoporous nanocomposite of Ti02 and carbon nanotubes as a high-rate Li-intercalation electrode material. Adv Mater 2006 18 69-73. 

It is well known that catalyst support plays an important role in the performance of the catalyst and the catalyst layer. The use of high surface area carbon materials, such as activated carbon, carbon nanofibres, and carbon nanotubes, as new electrode materials has received significant attention from fuel cell researchers. In particular, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have unique electrical and electronic properties, wide electrochemical stability windows, and high surface areas. Using SWCNTs as support materials is expected to improve catalyst layer conductivity and charge transfer at the electrode surface for fuel cell oxidation and reduction reactions. Furthermore, these carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could also enhance electrocatalytic properties and reduce the necessary amount of precious metal catalysts, such as platinum. 

Activated carbon nanotubes as active electrode materials... 

Jiang, Q., Qu, M.Z., Zhou, G.M., et al. (2002). A study of activated carbon nanotubes as electrochemical super capacitors electrode materials. Mater. Lett., 57, 988-91. 

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