Electrocatalytic properties and

The second form consists of Pt metal but the iridium is present as iridium dioxide. Iridium metal may or may not be present, depending on the baking temperature (14). Titanium dioxide is present in amounts of only a few weight percent. The analysis of these coatings suggests that the platinum metal acts as a binder for the iridium oxide, which in turn acts as the electrocatalyst for chlorine discharge (14). In the case of thermally deposited platinum—iridium metal coatings, these may actually form an intermetallic. Both the electrocatalytic properties and wear rates are expected to differ for these two forms of platinum—iridium-coated anodes. 

Once we have developed our basic model and shown how it may be used to estab-hsh trends in electrochemical reactivity, we will take the further step of applying it to the identification of new bimetallic electrocatalysts. We will introduce simple procedures to rapidly screen bimetallic alloys for promising electrocatalytic properties, and we will demonstrate the importance of including estimates of the alloys stabihty in the screening procedure. Finally, we will give examples of successful apphcation of this method to specific problems in the area of electrocatalyst development. 

It is well known that catalyst support plays an important role in the performance of the catalyst and the catalyst layer. The use of high surface area carbon materials, such as activated carbon, carbon nanofibres, and carbon nanotubes, as new electrode materials has received significant attention from fuel cell researchers. In particular, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have unique electrical and electronic properties, wide electrochemical stability windows, and high surface areas. Using SWCNTs as support materials is expected to improve catalyst layer conductivity and charge transfer at the electrode surface for fuel cell oxidation and reduction reactions. Furthermore, these carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could also enhance electrocatalytic properties and reduce the necessary amount of precious metal catalysts, such as platinum. 

Bimetallic alloy materials often present good electrocatalytic properties and have been abundantly investigated [55]. The surface composition of an alloy can be conveniently monitored, leading one to vary the synergy of the surface. As a... 

The design of electrochemical reactors and fuel cells and the fundamental understanding of electrocatalytic properties and mechanisms requires kinetic information of electrodic reactions. Of course, kinetic analysis is rarely capable to lead to mechanistic evidence, but any proposed mechanism must satisfy the experimental kinetics. Since the rate of a single nonelemen-tary reaction can be measured directly and accurately as current density (Eq. 9), electrochemical measurement of kinetic parameters has a distinct advantage over conventional concentration-time methods. 

Mascaro, L.H., D. Goncalves, and L.O.S. Bulhoes. 2004. Electrocatalytic properties and electrochemical stability of polyaniline and polyaniline modified with platinum nanoparticles in formaldehyde medium. Thin Solid Films 461 (2) 243-249. 

Traditional electrodes have been graphite based but since 1970, RUO2 on Ti02/Ti has been used " " very successfully in the chloralkali industry. This material seems to have optimum electrocatalytic properties and exceptional corrosion resistance. 

A = Mg, Fe, NT, Co, and Zn and trivalent cations B = Al, Fe, Cr, and V L Hence two types of spinel structure must be distinguished normal spinels withx = 0, meaning that all the divalent cations occupy tetrahedral sites, and inverse spinels with x = 1. Of these, rods of pure magnetite (Fe OJ or its doped form" obtained by casting molten iron oxides have been used as industrial anodes since 1870. Apart from magnetite and ferrites, today other classes of spinels have been investigated such as cobaltites and chromites. Due to their better electrocatalytic properties and fewer health and safety issues, cobaltites (e.g., MCo O with M= Mg, Cu, and Zn) are now preferred and are the only ones being developed. 

Panic VV, Nikolic BZ (2008) Electrocatalytic properties and stability of titanium anodes activated by the inorganic sol-gel procedure. J 8erb Chem 8oc 73 1083-1112. doi 10.2298/J8C0811083P... 

Hammouche A, Siebert E, Hammou A, Kleitz M, Caneiro A (1991) Electrocatalytic properties and nonstoichiometry of the high temperature air electrode Lai xSrxMn03. J Electrochem Soc 138(5) 1212-1216... 

Shim, J., Yoo, D. and Lee. J. (2000). Characteristics for Electrocatalytic Properties and Hydrogen-oxygenAdsorptionof Platinum Ternary AUoy Catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell, Electrochim. Acta, 45, pp. 1943—1951. 

Canaguier S, Vaccaro L, Artero V, Ostermann R, P aut J, Field MJ, Fontecave M. Cyclopentadienyl ruthenium nickel catalysts for biomimetic hydrogen evolution electrocatalytic properties and mechanistic DFT studies. Chem Eur J 2009 15 9350-9364. 

---