Carbon monoxide analytical methods

Several quantitative procedures for concentrations above 0.1 vol % are available. Gas chromatographic analysis (78) is particularly useful because it is fast, accurate, and relatively inexpensive. The standard wet-chemical, analytical method (76) takes advantage of the reaction between iodine pentoxide and carbon monoxide at 423 K. 

Performance Specifications for Automated Analytical Methods for Measuring Carbon Monoxide... 

The information obtained during the background search and from the source inspection will enable selection of the test procedure to be used. The choice will be based on the answers to several questions (1) What are the legal requirements For specific sources there may be only one acceptable method. (2) What range of accuracy is desirable Should the sample be collected by a procedure that is 5% accurate, or should a statistical technique be used on data from eight tests at 10% accuracy Costs of different test methods will certainly be a consideration here. (3) Which sampling and analytical methods are available that will give the required accuracy for the estimated concentration An Orsat gas analyzer with a sensitivity limit of 0.02% would not be chosen to sample carbon monoxide... 

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) finds many applications outside the chemistry laboratory. If you ve ever had an emissions test on the exhaust system of your car, GLC was almost certainly the analytical method used. Pollutants such as carbon monoxide and unbumed hydrocarbons appear as peaks on a graph such as that shown in Figure 1.7. A computer determines the areas under these peaks, which are proportional to the concentrations of pollutants, and prints out a series of numbers that tells the inspector whether your car passed or failed the test. Many of the techniques used to test people lor drugs (marijuana, cocaine, and others) or alcohol also make use of gas-liquid chromatography. 

The difficulty in detecting surface hydride formation is that hydrogen is nearly always contained in the bulk structure of the carbons. Hydrogen is not easily determined with sufficient accuracy if only small concentrations are present. Precise analytic methods should be used in the measurement of the hydrogen uptake of carbons that were prepared with rigorous exclusion of hydrogen-containing contaminants. Carbon formed by the disproportionation of carbon monoxide... 

RR) E-J. Murphy, "Comparison of Methods for Detecting and Analyzing Fumes from Explosives , USBurMines R1 51133(1961). A comparative study of several analytical methods for determining carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides in toxic gases produced by detonation of explosives... 

Dicarboxylic acids react with carbodiimides depending on their structure. From oxalic acid and carbodiimides the corresponding urea, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are obtained. This reaction was used by Zetzsche and Friedrich as a quantitative analytical method for the determination of carbodiimides. The carbodiimide content of polymer supported carbodiimides is also determined with oxalic acid." ... 

Cobum, R.F., Danielson, G.K., Blakemore, W.S., Forster, R.E. (1964). Carbon monoxide in blood analytical method and sources of error. J. Appl. Physiol. 19 510-15. 

Complexes of phenanthroline and palladium(II) chloride react with carbon monoxide in aqueous solution to give the stable violet compound [(phen)Pd(C0)2Pd(phen)] 4H20 bipyridyl gives an unstable product (119). The formation of the compound has been suggested as the basis of an analytical method for the determination of carbon monoxide (118). 

This can be used in an analytical method to measure the amount of carbon monoxide in a sample of air. Determine the oxidation numbers of the atoms in this equation. Which species is oxidized and which is reduced ... 

Major limitation associated with carbon dioxide reduction is the accuracy of the analytical measurements employed. The photocatalytic process is a multielectron transfer process, hence the reaction leads to the formation of a variety of products like carbon monoxide, methane, higher hydrocarbons, alcohol, aldehydes, carboxylic acid etc., with some intermediates. The identification and quantification of the products are needed for the best selection of photocatalyst, comparison and elucidation of reaction mechanisms. Currently there is no standard analysis method that has been developed for product analysis of carbon dioxide reduction. Hence the results of these measurements also include the products derived from the carbon contamination invariably present in the reaction sys-... 

Kruszynski, A.J. and A. Henriksen Die quantitative Bestimmung von Kohlenmonoxid im Tabakrauch [The quantitative determination of carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke] Beitr. Tabakforsch. 5 (1969) 9-12. Kubota, H., M.R. Guerin, and J.A. Carter Inorganic analytical methods of tobacco smoke analysis A comparative smdy 26th Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Program Booklet and Abstracts, Vol. 26, Paper No. 23, 1972, p. 35. 

Mikami, Y, N. Naito, and Y. Kaburaki Effects of some factors on carbon monoxide concentration in the mainstream smoke of a cigarette Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 113 (1971) 99-105. Mikami, Y., Y. Saido, and Y. Kaburaki Analytical methods of chemical components in tobacco smoke. VI. Determination of ammonia in tobacco smoke by gas chromatography Sci. Papers, Cent. Res. Inst., Japan Monopoly Corp. 109 (1967) 139-142. 

Watanabe, M. and Y. Kobashi Analytical methods for chemical components in tobacco smoke. I. Determination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in cigarette... 

The analytical scheme for these studies precluded measurement of water. Both pyrolysis methods evolve carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in comparable amounts. However, plasma processing produces 43% hydrogen and 14% acetylene on a volume basis while thermal pyrolysis gases contain neither component. Instead, the major hydrocarbon generated in the thermal pyrolysis system is methane (38%), while saturated hydrocarbons are minor components in the plasma process. These differences illustrate that the nature of conventional pyrolysis reactions is radically different from the microwave plasma pyrolysis reactions. 

Mass spectrometry is an excellent analytical method to quantitatively measure moisture and trace amounts of low-molecular-weight organic species. In RGA, the outgassing from adhesives and other organic materials such as moisture, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons can be measured in low parts per million. 

Iodine pentoxide, I2O5, is the most stable oxide of the halogens [8]. It has found some practical application as a mild oxidant, especially useful in analytical chemistry. Iodine pentoxide is one of the few chemicals that can oxidize carbon monoxide rapidly and completely at room temperature. The reaction forms the basis of a useful analytical method for determining the concentration of CO in the atmosphere or in other gaseous mixtures [8]. 

As with any analytical method, the success of the bioassay is highly dependent on how the samples are collected and prepared. Care must be taken during all of the steps of the analysis to ensure that oxygen is not allowed to bind with myoglobin and that all measurements are carried out very carefully. Furthermore, attention to sample acquisition must be taken to ensure that small gas bubbles are not entrained in the samples when they are collected as this leads to errors (Kapic, 2005). Although difficult to use, the bioassay technique, once mastered, may be successfully used to accurately measure dissolved carbon monoxide concentrations. 

The identification and quantitative determination of decomposition products can be carried out by any of the appropriate techniques of classical and modern analytical chemistry. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, sulphur dioxide, and other inorganics are still analyzed by the conventional methods. The organics such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, etc. are usually separated and determined by gas chromatography. 

Cardeal, Z.L. Pradeau, D. Hamon, M. Abdoulaye, I. Paillier, F.M. et al. (1993). New calibration method for gas chromatography assay of carbon monoxide in blood. Journal of analytical toxicdogy. 17,193-195. 

Czogala, J. Goniewicz, M.L. (2005). The complex analytical method for the assessment of pasive smokers exposure to carbon monoxide. Journal of analytical toxicology. 29,... 

The presence of one substance in another, often in such low concentration that it cannot be measured quantitatively by ordinary analytical methods. In the air, trace amounts of sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide are potentially dangerous impurities in concentrations of 5 ppm of sulfur dioxide and 50 ppm of carbon monoxide. Incendiary... 

NIOSH (1996) Carbon Monoxide Method 6604, Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th edn, issue 1. 

Coordinatively Unsaturated Cobalt Carbonyls Relevant to Hydro-formylation. The negative effect of carbon monoxide partial pressure on the rate of hydroformylation was the first indication of the participation of coordinatively unsaturated cobalt carbonyls in the catalysis of aldehyde formation and of the accompanying olefin isomerization. The retarding effect of carbon monoxide has also been observed in cobalt-catalyzed olefin and aldehyde hydrogenation and in various other reactions of cobalt carbonyls as well. It was assumed that in these reactions in fast reversible carbon monoxide dissociation highly reactive coordinatively unsaturated complexes are formed in very low concentrations, undetectable by conventional analytical methods. By using sophisticated new methods, in some cases the detection and characterization of these elusive species has become possible. 

It is felt that the analytical method presented here is distinctly superior to any of the empirical methods for estimating gas consumption, such as the so-called "saturation rule." Application of the analytical method, however, is somewhat more difficult. The method should be suitable for all tank systems that use cryogens (such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, carbon monoxide and neon) and that are equipped with a gas diffuser to prevent direct jetting of the gas into the liquid. In addition, the method is set up so that large variations in system operation may be incorporated by a person reasonably well versed in the principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer. 

The gas chromatographic unit employed was the same one used earlier (1,4), but the method of calculating the composition of the gaseous product was modified somewhat (8). Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons up to n-butane were all carefully measured. The analytical results are considered to be more accurate especially at lower conversions of the feed paraffin than those reported earlier (1,4). 

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