Carbon health aspects

Dahlquist BH, Evaluation of Health Aspects of Carbon Fibers, Master s Thesis, Dep Environ Sd Eng, School of Public Health, Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 1984. 

About 1 million tons of plasticizers are used annuaUy in Western Europe, mainly in the plasticization of PVC. The vast majority of plasticizers (around 90%) are esters of phthalic add (phthalates) with a wide variety of long chain alcohols containing up to 13 carbon atoms. The remainder are also esters or polyesters and include those based on adipic, trimellitic, phosphoric, sebacic or azelaic acids. When considering the possible health aspects of plasticizers it is logical therefore to concentrate on phthalates. 

A comparison between nanofiltration and pellet softening [combined with granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption for organics removal] was made by Sombekke et al. (1997), based on a hfe-cycle analysis (LCA). Both treatment schemes were found to have a comparable impact, except that NF was advantageous for quality and health aspects. Other positive aspects for NF were the investments and costs, and the impact on the landscape. The main environmental impact for both alternatives is caused by the use of energy. The Water Supply Company of Overijssel (WMO), The Netherlands, decided to extend current treatment capacity with nanofiltration on the basis of this LCA. 

Sorbic acid is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water ia the same way as other fatty acids, releasiag 27.6 kj/g sorbate (6.6 kcal/g) (165). As a result of the favorable toxicological and physiological aspects, the World Health Organization (WHO) has allowed sorbic acid at the highest acceptable daily iatake of all food preservatives, 25 mg/kg body weight (178). 

Butyl rubber(s), 4 433-458 9 561 14 265. See also Halogenated butyl rubber annual capacity, 4 451t carbon monoxide compatibility with, 5 4t chemical reactions, 4 448 copolymers, 4 444-446 cure systems for, 21 802-803 economic aspects, 4 451, 452t elastomeric vulcanizates, 4 448-450 formulation for reclaiming, 21 475t health and safety factors, 4 452-453 isobutylene polymerization mechanism, 4 434-436... 

Carbonate precipitation, in hazardous waste management, 25 821 Carbonates, 6 304-305 9 806 chemical properties, 6 306-310 economic aspects, 6 312 health and safety factors, 6 312 iron, 14 533... 

Metal bromides, 4 322-330 Metal can food packaging, 18 37-39 Metal-carbene complexes, 26 926 Metal-carbon compounds, 4 648, 650 Metal-carbon eutectic fixed points, 24 454 Metal carbonyl catalysts, supported, 16 75 Metal carbonyl complexes, 16 73 Metal carbonyls, 15 570 16 58-78 bonding and structure of, 16 59-64 from carbon monoxide, 5 12 in catalysis, 16 72-75 economic aspects of, 16 71 health and safety aspects of, 16 71 heteronuclear, 16 69-71 high nuclearity, 16 66-69 high nuclearity carbonyl clusters, 16 64-66... 

Association (ICB A), an organisation consisting of carbon black manufacturers inNorth America and Europe. Aspects covered include not only the occupational health research sponsored by the ICB A, but also an overview of the major health perspectives associated with carbon black and their corresponding regulatory implications. 19 refs. 

Magos L. 1975. The clinical and experimental aspects of carbon disulfide intoxication. Reviews on Environmental Health 2 65-80. 

It is clear that chemical pollutants have a serious significance in all aspects of environmental protection requirements. The major chemical pollutants which are known to incur adverse effects to human health and to the environment include sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, heavy metals (eg, mercury, including methylmercury, cadmium, lead, etc.), pesticides, environmental carcinogens, (eg, asbestos, polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), etc. 

Hydro-carbon-based spray combusticni is associated with pollutant formation. These pollutants include the NO and NO2 (referred to as NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (soot), unbumed hydrocarbons (HC), and others such as sulfur oxides. Although pollutants form a small part of the overall exhaust gas composition, they are produced in such large quantities that they have become considerable environmental and health hazards. Therefore, poUutimi reductimi has become one of the most important aspects of spray combustimi research. A very effective approach to achieve this objective is to reduce pollutants at their source, and thereby contribute directly to the production of cleaner and more efficient spray combustion devices. 

As reinforcement material for all matrix materials - ceramics, metals, and plastics -SiC platelets offer a similar potential as whiskers, but at lower cost and without any health hazard. Platelets are single-crystal, plate-like a-SiC particles with an aspect ratio of about 8-15. SiC platelets typically range in size from about 5-100 pm in diameter and 1-5 pm in thickness (see Table 4.2). They are produced commercially from inexpensive raw materials (silica and carbon, micron-sized 3-SiC powders) at temperatures of 1900-2100 °C under an inert atmosphere [100]. Due to the presence of the boron and aluminum dopants added, platelet-shaped crystals are formed. Aluminum enhances the growth in the [0001] direction and decelerates the growth perpendicular to the [0001] direction. Boron enhances the growth notoriously perpendicular to the [0001] direction [101]. Aluminum (0.04—0.45 wt%), boron and nickel (each 0.4-0.8 wt%), and free silicon (0.3-3.6 wt%) were identified as impurity elements in SiC platelets produced by Millenium Materials [102]. 

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