Carbon dioxide fixation review

An average 60-day-old tobacco plant contains about 250 mg of nicotine. Based on the net carbon dioxide fixation and the rate of turnover of nicotine in the plant, maintenance of this amount of nicotine may represent as much as 10% of the plant s total metabolism (Robinson, 1974). The half-life of nicotine in tobacco plants is about 22 h (Waller and No-wacki, 1978). The alkaloid content of plants of Nicotiana sylvestris undergoes a fourfold increase following damage to the leaves (Hartmann, 1991). The production of nicotine and related pyridine alkaloids such as anabasine (45), anatabine (46), and nornicotine (47) in plant tissue, cell, and hairy root cultures has been reviewed (Verpoorte et al., 1991). 

Vitamin Influences. The involvement of NAD and NADP in many carbohydrate reactions explains the importance of nicotinamide in carbohydrate melaholism. Thiamine, in the form or thiamine pyrophosphate (cocarboxylase), is the cofaclor necessary in the decarboxylation of pyruvic acid, in the iraru-kelolase-calalyzed reactions of the pentose phosphaie cycle, and in the decarboxylation of alpha-keloglutaric acid in the citric acid cycle, among other reactions. Biotin is a hound cofaclor in the fixation of carbon dioxide to form nxalacetic acid from pyruvic acid. Pantothenic acid is a part of the C oA molecule. There are separate alphabetical entries in this volume on the various specific vitamins as well as a review entry on Vitamin. 

The difficulty to transform CO2 into other organic compounds lies in its high thermodynamic stability. Typical activation energies for the dissociation and recombination ofC02 are of 535 and 13 kJ/mol, respectively [5], The activation can occur by photochemical or electrochemical processes, by catalytic fixation or by metal-ligand insertion mechanisms. As documented in different reviews, organometallic compounds, metallo-enzyme sites and well defined metallic surfaces are able to activate carbon dioxide [6-16],... 

Mikkelsen M, Jorgensen M, Krebs FC (2010) The teraton challenge. A review of fixation and transformation of carbon dioxide. Energy Environ Sci 3(1) 43—81... 

As is evident throughout our review, a much wider diversity of lakes and floodplain environments must receive the attention of limnologists. Additional measurements of periphyton productivity, of burial of C, N, and P in sediments, of nitrogen fixation and denitrification, and of carbon dioxide emissions, especially, are needed. A further challenge is to investigate biogeochemical processes in the ATTZ, and to link these processes with the whole floodplain ecosystem. 

In this paper aspects of the carbon dioxide chemistry we have developed will be reviewed and discussed with reference to relevant natural processes. A few examples of utilisation of either enzymes or biomimetic systems will be presented, covering both the fixation and reduction reactions. 

Five-membered cyclic carbonates are easily available as a result of the insertion of gaseous carbon dioxide into an oxirane ring (see review [12.]). Recent work in the field of new methods for preparing cyclic carbonates is dedicated primarily to the development of new catalytic systems and the synthesis of monofunctional compounds from epoxides and carbon dioxide (see, for example, reviews [13-16]). Monocyclic carbonates are used in a wide spectrum of applications solvents, components of liquid electrolytes, reactive diluents, chemical intermediates, and so on. It should be noted that this preparation also solves the problem of chemical fixation and utilization of C02. 

Topics which have formed the subjects of reviews this year include excited state chemistry within zeolites, photoredox reactions in organic synthesis, selectivity control in one-electron reduction, the photochemistry of fullerenes, photochemical P-450 oxygenation of cyclohexene with water sensitized by dihydroxy-coordinated (tetraphenylporphyrinato)antimony(V) hexafluorophosphate, bio-mimetic radical polycyclisations of isoprenoid polyalkenes initiated by photo-induced electron transfer, photoinduced electron transfer involving C o/CjoJ comparisons between the photoinduced electron transfer reactions of 50 and aromatic carbonyl compounds, recent advances in the chemistry of pyrrolidino-fullerenes, ° photoinduced electron transfer in donor-linked fullerenes," supra-molecular model systems,and within dendrimer architecture,photoinduced electron transfer reactions of homoquinones, amines, and azo compounds, photoinduced reactions of five-membered monoheterocyclic compounds of the indigo group, photochemical and polymerisation reactions in solid Qo, photo- and redox-active [2]rotaxanes and [2]catenanes, ° reactions of sulfides and sulfenic acid derivatives with 02( Ag), photoprocesses of sulfoxides and related compounds, semiconductor photocatalysts,chemical fixation and photoreduction of carbon dioxide by metal phthalocyanines, and multiporphyrins as photosynthetic models. 

For reviews, see Buchanan JM, Hastings AB. The use of isotopically marked carbon in the study of intermediary metabolism. Physiol Rev 26 20- 55, 1946 Wood HG. The fixation of carbon dioxide and the interrelationships of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Physiol... 

Mikkelsen, M. Jorgensen, M. Krebs, F.C. The Teraton challenge. A Review of Fixation and Transformation of Carbon Dioxide. Energy Environ. Sci. 2010, 3,43-81. 

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