Carbon dioxide chemistry

Paul, J., and Pradier, C. (1994) Carbon Dioxide Chemistry Environmental Issues, Royal Society of Chemistry, London. 

The reactions and some physical phenomena occurring in the curing paint film have been modelled with special attention being paid to the formation of carbon dioxide (chemistry) and the transport of the carbon dioxide from the paint layer (physics). 

L. Rees and J. Hampson, C02-ZeoIite Reaction for Gas Separation, ed. C. Pradier and J. Paul, Carbon Dioxide Chemistry Environmental Issues, Proceedings of the International Symposium on C02 Chemistry, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge (1994) 250. 

Perry. R.H., D.W. Green, and I.O. Maloney Perry s Chemical Engineers Handbook, 7ih Edition. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.. New York. NY. 1997. Pradlcr, Jan Paul, and Claire-Mane. Pradier Carbon Dioxide Chemistry. Environmental Issues. Lewis Publishing. Cherry Hill. NJ, 1994. 

He L-N, Wang J-Q, Wang J-L (2009) Carbon dioxide chemistry examples and challenges in chemical utilization of carbon dioxide. Pure Appl Chem 81(ll) 2069-2080... 

Steinberg, M., Yuang, D., and Borgwardt, R.H., in Carbon Dioxide Chemistry Environmental Issues, Paul, J. and Pradier, C.H., Eds., Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, 1994, 189. 

In this paper aspects of the carbon dioxide chemistry we have developed will be reviewed and discussed with reference to relevant natural processes. A few examples of utilisation of either enzymes or biomimetic systems will be presented, covering both the fixation and reduction reactions. 

The fixation of carbon dioxide into functionalized organic substrates to selectively afford carboxylic acids in catalytic reactions is still a challenge in carbon dioxide chemistry [2]. 

It is the control of the reactivity of this carbamate anion which has allowed us to generate in quantitative yields either urethanes or isocyanates directly. By understanding those factors which promote the nucleophilicity of the carbamate oxygen, we have discovered how to generate urethanes directly from either primaiy or secondary amines (Activated Carbon Dioxide Chemistry-I (ACDC-I) (12, 13, 15-18). A key aspect of this chemistry was our discovery that carbamate anions can serve as excellent nucleophiles, when a suitable tertiary amine base is utilized to generate the carbamate anion in the reaction of carbon dioxide with a primary or secondary amine (equation 4). By proper choice of the tertiary amine co-base, which in general does not react with CO2 under the mild conditions employed. 

Rintjema, J., Guo, W., Martin, E., Escudero-Adan, E.C., Kleij, A.W., 2015. Highly chemo-selective catalytic coupling of substituted oxetanes and carbon dioxide. Chemistry — A European Journal 21, 10754—10762. 

Subsequently, the Monsanto researchers developed a variation of this activated carbon dioxide chemistry process whereby activated carbamate anions derived from primary amines could be reacted rapidly with electrophilic dehydrating agents, such as acid halides, to produce the corresponding isocyanates in excellent yields, according to the following reaction ... 

The role of the ammonium cocatalyst in the aluminium-salen-catalysed carbonate synthesis was precisely investigated a couple years earlier by the group of North. This group achieved in 2007 a major development in aluminium-salen chemistry and its related carbon-dioxide chemistry with a new class of dinuclear aluminium salens produced via a controlled hydrolysis of the related reactive monomeric aluminium-salens, as shown in Scheme 18.39. This dinuclear catalyst used with tetrabutylammonium bromide as cocatalyst reached a very high efficiency in the formation of cyclic carbonates in some cases under very mild operating conditions (cat range 1 to 2.5 mol% recyclable more than 60 times) as exemplified with styrene oxide that afforded styrene carbonate in 86% yield after 24 h. 

DeLaet DL, Del Rosario R, Fanwick PE, Kubiak CP (1987) Carbon dioxide chemistry and electrochemistry of a binuclear cradle complex of nickel(O), Ni2(.mu-CNMe) (CNMe)2(PPh2CH2PPh2)2. J Am Chem Soc 109 754-758... 

Yamada, T., Lukac, P.J., M. George, M., Weiss, R.G. (2007). Reversible, room-temp)erature ionic liquids. Amidinium carbamates derived from amidines and aliphatic primary amines with carbon dioxide. Chemistry of Material, 19,967-969, ISSN 0897-4756 Yamada, T., Lukac, P.J., Yu, T., Weiss, R.G. (2007). Reversible, room-temp)erature, chiral ionic liquids. Amidinium carbamates derived from amidines and amino-add esters with carbon dioxide. Chemistry of Material, 19,4761-4768, ISSN 0897-4756... 

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