Approaches to trading

The term trading covers a wide range of activities. Market makers, who quote two-way prices to market participants, may also be asked to provide customer service and build retail and institutional volume. Alternatively, their sole responsibility may be to run their books at a profit and maximize return on capital. 

Speculative trading is based on the views of the trader, the desk, or the department head. The view may be that of the firm s economics or research department—based on macro- and microeconomic factors affecting not just the specific market but the economy as a whole—or it may be that of the individual trader, resulting from fundamental and technical analysis. Because credit spreads are key to the performance of corporate bonds, 

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In the late 18th century Britain made approaches to trade with China which were met with indifference it seems that the mandarins held the belief that the British feared death from constipation if deprived of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum), one of China s exports. 

Alternative Approaches to Trade, Politics and Power Ray Kiely... 

Increased heat utilization does not always mean a trade-off, and many studies have shown a reduction in energy consumption as well as capital cost which in itself is a remarkable recommendation for a systematic approach to network design. 

This article provides a basic, step-by-step approach to problem solving in the practice and management of patents and trade secrets. The significance of aggressive patent and trade secret protection to the economic well-being of a business or organization should not be underestimated. Without patents and trade secrets, the marketplace is reduced to competition on the basis of price, which may be very difficult. 

Two main benefits accrue from a systems approach to materials handling and packaging. First, a trade-off of investment and operating costs is made possible nigher costs in some parts of a system become permissible in return for much lower costs in other parts. The net result is usually the lowest overall cost. If this is not the case, the reasons for incurring the higher costs can be identified and justified. The second benefit is that customers are not offended by ill-conceived packages, delivery vehicles, or product characteristics. 

There is no systematic approach to exploiting flexibility. Upper management tends to make decisions that are too fixed and does not communicate well the trade-offs that should be applied when the future is different from its central assumption. For example, those implementing decisions may receive a deadline for completion of a trial, rather than a target completion date with guidelines on the value of different completion dates to the business and how to respond accordingly. 

New combinations of simulation and optimization allow a much wider set of R D decision making processes to be optimized, at least approximately, than in the past. This exciting new approach has been developed to solve many problems thought to be impossible to solve with classic options analysis. The idea is to trade off the exactness of the optimization for the ability to look at more complex situations [21]. 

The visualization of trade-offs involving risk and uncertainty is clearly one such powerful aid to insight. Questions frequently encountered are Where should in silico and other predictive technologies best be applied within the R D process What workflows involving such technologies add most value What should be the approach to selecting cutoffs ... 

Tamm (2000) As a constant supply of the European markets is a prerequisite for the extension of the organic market share, trade may represent a suitable approach to overcome shortcomings of supply - however, efficient and fair trade structures that help farmers to keep prices as well as market supply constant on a multi-region scale are yet to be developed. ... 

Clark, J. E. (1981), Multifaceted approach to the study of Meso-American obsidian trade, Proc. 47th Mtg. Society for Analytical Archaeology, San Diego. 

A description is given of the initiatives carried out within the European Community for the harmonization of fire testing. The technical and economic reasons are explained for such initiatives, which are taken in order to remove barriers to trade from the European internal market. Of the various fire aspects, only fire reaction testing is taken into consideration here, because it appears as a major technical obstacle to the free circulation of construction materials. All possible approaches are considered for the attainment of such a harmonization and one, the so called interim solution, is fully described. The proposed interim solution, is based on the adoption of three fundamental test methods, i.e. the British "Surface Spread of Flame", the French "Epiradiateur" and the German "Brandschacht", and on the use of a rather complicated "transposition document", which should allow to derive most of the national classifications from the three test package. 

Based on the characterization of a supply chain, supply chain management (SCM) can be defined as a process oriented approach to procuring, producing, and delivering end products and services to customers. It includes sub-suppliers, suppliers, internal operations, trade customers, retail customers and end users. It covers the management of materials, information, and fund flows [2],... 

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