Electrodes carbon ceramic

Co-TMMP modified Organically modified graphite particies silica matrix 

These mediators can provide new interesting features to these electrodes, such as the shift of peak potential of the analyte species to less positive potentials, thus mo-easing the sensitivity of the electrode (Lei et al. 2004 Arguello et al. 2009). CCEs can be easily prepared (by virtually one-step molding) and offer considerable versatility in tailoring electrode characteristics. 

Flooded type CCE are most suited for applications involving mass transport from/to the electrolyte and from/to the gas side, while channeled electrodes are best for situations where the gas transport is the sole rate determining step (Lev et al. 2005). The electrodes can be used as supported films spread on a porous substrate (where the gas flows through this substrate into the bulk electrode and the other side of the electrode is immersed in an electrolyte) or as an unsupported film, with one side immersed in the electrolyte and its other side connected to an external lead and exposed to the gas. 

However, we should note that modified polymer-based electrodes have much wider application in electrochemical gas sensors in comparison with CCE. A very limited number of teams use CCEs for gas sensors design. Perhaps the technology of CCE fabrication (high-temperature annealing is required) and too high gas penetrabihty limit their application in gas sensors. 

Abrantes J, Perez-CoU D, Nuntez P, Frade J (2003) Electronic transport in Ce gSm jOj, samples. Electrochim Acta 48 2761-2766 

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C.X. Lei, Y. Yang, H. Wang, G.L. Shen, and R.Q. Yu, Amperometric immunosensor for probing complement III (C3) based on immobilizing C3 antibody to a nano-Au monolayer supported by sol-gel-derived carbon ceramic electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta 513, 379-384 (2004). 

Figure 27.Cyclic voltammograms of Ni-powder modified CCE in 0.1 M NaOH Solution at scan rate lOOmVs 1. The cycle numbers are written on the voltammograms. Reprinted from Electrochimica Acta, 51 A. Salimi, M. Roushani, R. Hallaj, Micromolar determination of sulfur oxoanions and sulfide ata renewable sol-gel carbon ceramic electrode modified with nickel powder, 1954, Copyrights(2006) with permission from Elsevier.

Fig. 16.6 Carbon-ceramic electrodes (CCE) presented schematically (a) by Tsionsky and Lev (1995a, b) and (b) by...

ArgueUo J, Magosso HA, Ramos RR, Canevaii TC, Landers R, Pimentel VL, Gushikem Y (2009) Structural and electrochemical characterization of a cobalt phthalocyanine bulk-modified SiO /SnOj carbon ceramic electrode. Electrochim Acta 54 1948-1953... 

Zheng J, Sheng Q, Li L, Shen Y (2007) Bismuth hexacyanoferrate-modified carbon ceramic electrodes prepared by electrochemical deposition and its electrocatalytic activity towards oxidation of hydrazine. J Electroanal Chem 611 155-166... 

The use of lead nitroprusside nanoparticles deposited on carbon ceramic electrode has been used for the electrocatalytic oxidation of L-cysteine this has found application as an amperometric sensor. ... 

It is possible to cast carbon ceramic electrodes in different electrode configurations. Figure 4.7 demonstrates that it is readily possible to cast supported and... 

FIGURE 4.7 Different configurations of carbon ceramic electrodes (CCEs). 

FIG U RE 4.11 A scheme of the equiconcentration lines in the vicinity of partially blocked electrode, such as hydrophobic carbon ceramic electrodes (CCEs). 

This interesting approach was originally proposed by Opallo [279,280], who used carbon ceramic electrodes loaded with hydrophobic charge mediators such as t-butyloferrocene and Co(II)tris((bipyridine) that could be slowly released from the electrode. Rozniecka et al. [281] incorporated ionic liquids in CCEs and other sol-gel electrodes. The approach was further developed by the covalent immobilization of ionic liquid in silicate electrodes by the same group [282],... 

Haghighi, B., A. Rahmati-Panah, S. Shleev, and L. Gorton, 2007. Carbon ceramic electrodes modified with laccase from Trametes hirsuta Fabrication, characterization and their use for phenolic compounds. Electroanalysis 19 907-17. 

Salimi A, Abdi K (2004) Enhancement of the analytical properties and catalytic activity of a nickel hexacyanoferrate modified carbon ceramic electrode prepared by two-step solgel technique application to amperometric detection of hydrazine and hydroxyl amine. Talanta 63 475-483... 

A febrication procedure of bulk electrodes was first proposed by Lev s group [19] and was subsequently widely employed for the development of carbon ceramic electrodes. The common feature of these electrodes is the high content of carbonaceous materials. Generally, a sol is first mixed thoroughly with the desired amount of the carbon-based material. Then, the mixture is packed into one end of a plastic body that includes a stainless steel wire as an electrical contact (Figure 46.5). After sol condensation, polymerization, and gel drying, the resulting electrodes are polished to yield a smooth surface required for electrochemical measurements. In this setup, the sol-gel material, with or without nanomaterials, serves as a binder for the carbon-based conductive material. 

Nogala, W., A. Celebanska, K. Szot, G. Wittstock, and M. Opallo. 2010. Bioelectrocatalytic mediatorless dioxygen reduction at carbon ceramic electrodes modified with bilirubin oxidase. Electrochim. Acta 55 5719-5724. 

Shul, G., Nogala, W., Zakorchemna, L, Niedziolka, J., Opallo, M. Scanning electrochemical microscopy study of ion transfer process across water/2-nitophenyloctylether interface supported by hydrophobic carbon ceramic electrode. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2008, 12, 1285-1291. 

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