Carbon ceramic electrodes hydrophobic

FIG U RE 4.11 A scheme of the equiconcentration lines in the vicinity of partially blocked electrode, such as hydrophobic carbon ceramic electrodes (CCEs). 

This interesting approach was originally proposed by Opallo [279,280], who used carbon ceramic electrodes loaded with hydrophobic charge mediators such as t-butyloferrocene and Co(II)tris((bipyridine) that could be slowly released from the electrode. Rozniecka et al. [281] incorporated ionic liquids in CCEs and other sol-gel electrodes. The approach was further developed by the covalent immobilization of ionic liquid in silicate electrodes by the same group [282],... 

Shul, G., Nogala, W., Zakorchemna, L, Niedziolka, J., Opallo, M. Scanning electrochemical microscopy study of ion transfer process across water/2-nitophenyloctylether interface supported by hydrophobic carbon ceramic electrode. J. Solid State Electrochem. 2008, 12, 1285-1291. 

A composite biomaterial formed by Pd metal, carbon-ceramic mixture and oxidoreductase enz3ones constitutes a new t3rpe of renewable smface biosensor with a controllable size reaction layer [198]. The carbon provides the electrical conductivity, the enzymes are used for biocatalyst process, metallic palladimn is used for electrocatalysis of biochemical reaction product and the porous silica provides a rigid skeleton. The hydrophobicity of this composite material allows only a limited section of the electrode to be wetted by the aqueous analyte, thus providing a controlled thickness reactive layer. Another biocomposite material containing enzyme-modifled boron-doped diamond was used in the development of biosensors for the determination of phenol derivatives [199], alcohol [200] and glucose [201]. 

Tsionsky M, Lev O (1995b) Investigation of the kinetics and mechanism of Co-porphyrin catalyzed oxygen reduction by hydrophobic carbon-ceiamic electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 142 2132-2138 Tsionsky M, Gun G, Giezer V, Lev O (1994) Sol-gel-derived ceramic-carbon composite electrodes-introduction and scope of applications. Antil Chem 66 1747-1753... 

Figure 16-8. Scheme of a 3-electrode fuel cell with details of the hydrophobic carbon ceramic composite electrode. The inserts show unwetted (left) and flooded (middle) sections of the CCE. The active section of a wetted channels electrode is shown in the right insert (after Rabinovich and Lev, 2001). 

Salami A, Hallaj T (2004) Adsorption and reactivity of chlorogenic acid at a hydrophobic carbon ceramic composite electrode application for the amperometric detection of hydrazine. Electroanalysis 16 1964—1971... 

Rabinovich L, Lev O, Tsirlina GA (1999) Electrochemical characterization of Pd modified ceramic vertical bar carbon electrodes partially flooded versus wetted channel hydrophobic gas electrodes. J Llectroanal Chem 466(l) 45-59 Rog G, Kielski A, Kozlowska-Rog A, Bucko M (1998) Composite (CaFj-AljOj) solid electrolytes-preparation, properties and application to the solid oxide galvanic cells. Ceram Int 24 91-98 Roh S-W, Stetter JR (2003) Amperometric sensing of NOx with cyclic voltammetry. J Electrochem Soc 150(11) H266-H272... 

Rabinovich L., Lev O., Tsirlina G.A. Electrochemical characterisation ofPd modified ceramic vertical bar carbon electrodes Partially flooded versus wetted channel hydrophobic gas electrodes. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1999 466(1) 45-59... 

Shul, G., M. Saczek-Maj, and M. Opallo, 2004. Electroactive ceramic carbon electrode modified with hydrophobic polar solvent. Electroanalysis 16 1254—61. 

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