Carbon-black reference

Because of demands for improved fuel consumption through reduced rolling resistance, a new series of carbon blacks referred to as LH, ie, N300 with this innovation would be N300 LH. Basically this series of blacks has a wider size range in both the primary particles and primary aggregates in addition to a more chemically active surface area. 

FIGURE 26.5 Master curves of different types of polymer all filled with 50 parts of carbon black referred to 20°C. (From Grosch, K.A., Proc. Roy. Soc., A 274, 21, 1963, 21.)... 

The properties of synthetic rubbers can be greatly enhanced by the incorporation of additives like carbon black. Refer to Compounding, Mill Mixing, Carbon Black, Vulcanization, Sulfur Vulcanization, Peroxide Cure, and Half Life. 

The term carbon black refers to a wide range of products obtained by partial combustion or thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons under controlled... 

This method measures the heat buildup of a sample inside an insulated wooden box under a 250 W heat lamp. Thermocouples are placed beneath the samples, which are least 3x Bin size. A carbon black reference is also measured. The equilibrium temperature for each is recorded, and the temperature differences above ambient are used to predict theoretical heat buildup of the sample according to Eq. (24.4). The maximum external heat buildup for the black sample (ATc) is 41 °C for vertical orientation and 50 °C for horizontal orientation. The method is defined for PVC but can be applied to other colored objects. While the test does not measure solar reflectance, it does provide useful information on the expected performance of the object in the end application. The practical nature of this test makes it an effective tool for demonstrating the difference between objects colored with and without high-performance pigments. It is important to note that the method clearly states that while the test provides data on relative heat buildup, it cannot predict actual temperatures the object will experience in its service hfe. The ambient conditions of the test are controlled, and the field conditions have numerous factors (incident sunlight angle, weather, insulation) that will affect... 

McClelland et al. [3] have shown that PA spectra of polymers may be identified by comparing them to library spectra measured by transmission even when a modest amount of saturation has occurred. They recommend that after the ratio of the single-beam PA spectrum of a sample to a carbon-black reference has been calculated, the spectrum should be scaled so that its maximum value corresponds to 90%... 

The three classes of PE, designated as A, B, and C, specify the color, amount, and type of antioxidants and other additives. Class A refers to naturally colored PE, Class B includes white or black polymer, and Class C covers weather-resistant black polymer containing no less than 2% carbon black. Typical characteristics of resins used for film manufacture, injection mol ding, and blow mol ding are given in Table 5. 

A number of processes have been used to produce carbon black including the oil-furnace, impingement (channel), lampblack, and the thermal decomposition of natural gas and acetjiene (3). These processes produce different grades of carbon and are referred to by the process by which they are made, eg, oil-furnace black, lampblack, thermal black, acetylene black, and channel-type impingement black. A small amount of by-product carbon from the manufacture of synthesis gas from Hquid hydrocarbons has found appHcations in electrically conductive compositions. The different grades from the various processes have certain unique characteristics, but it is now possible to produce reasonable approximations of most of these grades by the od-fumace process. Since over 95% of the total output of carbon black is produced by the od-fumace process, this article emphasizes this process. 

A series of mixing experiments were conducted using two pass mixing protocols rather than the multipass processes as described in the previous references. Five grades of carbon black (N-121,... 

We have already referred to the Mo/Ru/S Chevrel phases and related catalysts which have long been under investigation for their oxygen reduction properties. Reeve et al. [19] evaluated the methanol tolerance, along with oxygen reduction activity, of a range of transition metal sulfide electrocatalysts, in a liquid-feed solid-polymer-electrolyte DMFC. The catalysts were prepared in high surface area by direct synthesis onto various surface-functionalized carbon blacks. The intrinsic... 

The PAS was made by Princeton Applied Research and has a wavelength range of 200-2700 nm. The spectra were acquired on a signal/ reference mode with carbon black as the reference. The scan rate was 30 nm/mln, start 200 nm, end 1600 nm, frequency 40 Hz, 1 scan and a silt width of 2.0 nm. 

Table 2.4) or proprietary test methods. Forrest [38] has listed 94 international rubber analysis standards (ISO) and 20 ISO standards in preparation referring to latices, carbon-black-filled compositions, raw and compounded rubbers. 

As microwave sample preparation has evolved, standard microwave procedures have been developed and approved by numerous standard methods organisations (ASTM, AOAC International, EPA, etc.), see ref. [64]. Examples are standard test methods for carbon black/ash content (ASTM Method D 1506-97), lead analysis in direct paint samples (ASTM Method E 1645-94), etc. Table 8.15 shows some microwave ashing references (detection weight). A French AFNOR method utilises the atmospheric pressure single-mode microwave method as an alternative sample preparation procedure for Kjeldahl nitrogen determination [84], The performance of a microwave-assisted decomposition for rapid determination of glass fibre content in plastics for QC has been described [85]. 

Considering the advantageous support properties of nanocarbons discussed in Section 15.2, numerous studies have been carried out on different catalytic reactions. To highlight the positive impact of the nanostructure, this section focuses on reports that give a reference catalyst based on a conventional carbonaceous support such as activated carbon, carbon black, or graphite, rather than metal oxides. 

W. G. Miller, U. of Minnesota, MN My question has reference to your cured systems which were filled with carbon black. 

Note 6 Electric conductance of a nonconducting polymer can be achieved by dispersing conducting particles (e.g., metal, carbon black) in the polymer. The resulting materials are referred to as conducting polymer composites or solid polymer-electrolyte composites. 

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