Object coloring

Fig. 1. Errors arising from the incorrect annotation of protein B from genomic data. The correct annotation lies above the dotted line, and incorrect cases lie below the dotted line. Objects colored in red indicate errors. Similar shading of objects implies homology. Other possible errors that are not represented are the incorrect interpretation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of a gene as different genes, and incomplete detection of splice variants.

At the present time, in choosing ingredients for bottle-glass, economy is the chief object color and appearance are here of no moment. Little soda or potsssn is admitted into the composition, of this description of glass and, as the carbonates of these bases are costly, it is usual to employ in the bottle glass-works only recent ashes or wrack-soda to furnish the alkali, Moreover, the other materials are taken in a state of impurity fit only for bottles. 

Zaidi Q 1998 Identification of illuminant and object colors heuristic-based algorithms. Journal of the Optical Society of America A 15(7), 1767-1776. 

The L a b color space (also know as CIELAB) is presently the most popular color space for measuring object color and is used in many fields. In this color... 

This is the color responsible for the yellow of a sodium vapor lamp. Objects colored white or yellow reflect the light of sodium very well. A red dress, however, will look dull brown because there is no red in the sodium light to be reflected by the red material. 

Objective color measurement is based on tristimulus colorimetry. " This instrumental method measures tristimulus values of light transmitted by a sample and compares the results to the values transmitted by distilled water. The results can be recalculated to the platinum-cobalt scale referred to in the previous standards. The results can also be interpreted by normal methods of color measurement to yellowness index, color, color depth, etc. 

Vibrations, specular reflections or optical characteristics of the measured object (color, brightness) can generate erroneous digitized points. 

Color cannot be measured because it is perceived in the brain. However, it can be specified instrumen-tally using additive or subtractive mixing to produce a color that matches the object color. In the former, a match to most colors can be made by the additive mixing of light of the three primary colors. A measure of the intensity of the three primaries provides a specification of the color. Primary colors are defined such that none can be matched by mixtures of the other two. The principle of additive mixing is the basis of the common tristimulus and spectrophoto-metric methods of measurement. 

Color constancy n. Relative independence of perceived object color to changes in color of the light source. 

Object color n. Color of light reflected by an object as normally observed, as contrasted to other types of observed color. Saleh BEA, Teich MC(1991) Fundamentals of photonics. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 

Yellowness The attribute by which an object color is judged to depart from a preferred... 

Practically all the secondary amines and derivatives of para-phenyl-enediamine used for the stabilization of raw and cured rubbers are suitable for the stabilization of polyolefins [26]. However, in this case we must consider that the amines color the polymer a blackish-brown color. Hence they can be used only in the preparation of technical objects, colored deep shades. The amines most widely used in the practice of stabilization of polyolefins are cited in Table 6, We should indicate that phenyl-/ -naphthylamine, phenylcyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, and N,N -di-/ -naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine are the most effective. 

McGuire RG (1992) Reporting of objective color measurements. Hortscience 27 224-1225 Mehlenbacher SA, Codu V, Hough LF (1983) Apricots (Prunus). In Moore JN, Ballington JR Jr (eds) Genetic resources of temperate fruit and nut crops. International Society for Horticultural Science, Wageningen, pp 65-66 Minolta Camera Co Ltd (1991) Chroma meters. Japan... 

ASTM, E1164 Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for Object-Color... 

This method measures the heat buildup of a sample inside an insulated wooden box under a 250 W heat lamp. Thermocouples are placed beneath the samples, which are least 3x Bin size. A carbon black reference is also measured. The equilibrium temperature for each is recorded, and the temperature differences above ambient are used to predict theoretical heat buildup of the sample according to Eq. (24.4). The maximum external heat buildup for the black sample (ATc) is 41 °C for vertical orientation and 50 °C for horizontal orientation. The method is defined for PVC but can be applied to other colored objects. While the test does not measure solar reflectance, it does provide useful information on the expected performance of the object in the end application. The practical nature of this test makes it an effective tool for demonstrating the difference between objects colored with and without high-performance pigments. It is important to note that the method clearly states that while the test provides data on relative heat buildup, it cannot predict actual temperatures the object will experience in its service hfe. The ambient conditions of the test are controlled, and the field conditions have numerous factors (incident sunlight angle, weather, insulation) that will affect... 

Yellowness The attribute by which an object color is judged to depart from a preferred white toward yellow. (Billmeyer FW, Saltzman M, Principles of Color Technology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York 1966, www.astm.org)... 

One expects a lemon smell to come from something yellow and not a pronounced blackcurrent or strawberry note. Synesthesia tells us quite simply that lemons are yellow, blackcurrent is black, and strawberries are red. As soon as the odor begins to have less clear associations with well-known objects, color associations are less self-evident. Like perfumes, colors are also associated with emotions and, not surprisingly, with fragrances. In a study on color associations, Jellinek puts the matter quite sucdnctly as certain colors go with a perfume, others do not [70]. On this note, suffice it to say that it always pays... 

Objective color measurements have been performed in laboratories using colorimeters and spectrophotometers. Due to their low spatial resolution, conventional instruments are impractical for collecting large number of samples. Because only a few sanqiles can be collected to represent the product, the approach frequendy mis-represents food products that have non-uniform color distributions. 

The instrumental measurement of specimens can be done resulting in color coordinates and color-difference values by using a tristimulus colorimeter. This instrument is also known as a tristimulus filter colorimeter or a color-difference meter. The test method covers both reflected and transmitted light. The method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, planar, object-color specimens of all gloss levels (14). 

Fig. 10 The s-type and p-type DAFH orbitals in bcc Na shown as isosurfaces of their amplitudes of levels 0.015 and 0.025 respectively, colored by orbital phase. The reference QTAIM basin is shown by the transparent object. [Color figure can be viewed in the electronic version.).

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