Carbon black polymers

Bicomponent technology has been used to introduce functional and novelty effects other than stretch to nylon fibers. For instance, antistatic yams are made by spinning a conductive carbon-black polymer dispersion as a core with a sheath of nylon (188) and as a side-by-side configuration (189). At 0.1—1.0% implants, these conductive filaments give durable static resistance to nylon carpets without interfering with dye coloration. Conductive materials such as carbon black or metals as a sheath around a core of nylon interfere with color, especially light shades. 

A. I. Medaha, in E. K. Sichel, ed.. Carbon Black—Polymer Composites, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1982, Chapt. 1. 

Sichel EK (1982) Carbon black — Polymer composites, Marcel Dekker, New York... 

An enormous amount of work has been reported on the issue of carbon black dispersion improvement. One of the approaches has been to produce carbon black-polymer masterbatches by mixing... 

Sichel, E. K. Gittleman, G. I. Sheng, P. in "Carbon-Black-Polymer Composites. The Physics of Electrically Conducting Composites", Sichel, E. K., Ed., Dekker, 1982, p 51-77. 

Lewis, N. S., Comparisons between mammalian and artificial olfaction based on arrays of carbon black polymer composite vapor detectors, Acc. Chem. Res. 2004, 37, 663 672... 

Carbon Black-Polymer Composites The Physics of Electrically Conducting Composites, edited by Enid Kell Sichel... 

M. C. Lonergan, E. J. Severin, B. J. Doleman, S. A. Beaber, R. H. Grubb, and N. S. Lewis, Array-based vapor sensing using chemically sensitive, carbon black—polymer resistors , Chemistry of Materials 8, 2298 (1996). 

The conductivity of composites depends on frequency, temperature, mechanical deformation and solvent swelling of the polymer matrix. These dependencies have been extensively studied and provide the basis for the commercial utilisation of carbon-black-polymer composites. 

Sichel, E. K., ed. (1982) Carbon Black-Polymer Composites (Plastics in Engineering 3), New York, Marcel Dekker. 

For small strains the stress-relaxation rate of vulcanized rubbers at long times is proportional to tan 8 (178). This will also be true at large strains if strain-time factorization applies. The implication of this for the results of Cotten and Boonstra (150) is that tan 8 in unswollen vulcanizates is only little affected by carbon black-polymer interactions at strain levels between 75 and 250% elongation (and at very low frequencies) and suggests that the substantial increases in tan 8 observed in filled rubbers at small strains are due primarily to the effects of secondary filler aggregation. 

H. Kawamoto, Carbon Black-Polymer Composites, The physics of electrically conducting composites, Dekker, New York, (1982), p.135. 

The conductivity of carbon black/polymer composites is a function of a number of parameters, including ... 

Carbon black/polymer composite Dimethyl methylphosphonate —9-46 ppb 48... 

In attempting to predict the direction that future research in carbon black technology will follow, a review of the literature suggests that carbon black-elastomer interactions will provide the most potential to enhance compound performance. Le Bras demonstrated that carboxyl, phenolic, quinone, and other functional groups on the carbon black surface react with the polymer and provided evidence that chemical crosslinks exist between these materials in vul-canizates (LeBras and Papirer, 1979). Ayala et al. (1990, 1990) determined a rubber-filler interaction parameter directly from vulcanizatemeasurements. The authors identified the ratio a jn, where a = slope of the stress-strain curve that relates to the black-polymer interaction, and n = the ratio of dynamic modulus E at 1 and 25% strain amplitude and is a measure of filler-filler interaction. This interaction parameter emphasizes the contribution of carbon black-polymer interactions and reduces the influence of physical phenomena associated with networking. Use of this defined parameter enabled a number of conclusions to be made ... 

Tanaka, H., White, J. L. (1980) Experimental investigations of shear and elongational flow properties of polystyrene melts reinforced with calcium carbonate,titanium dioxide and carbon black. Polym Eng. Sci, 20, 946-956. 

A. R. A. Schettini, D. Khastgir, B. G. Soares, Microwave Dielectric Properties and EMI Shielding Effectiveness of Poly(Styrene-B-Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) Copolymer Filled with PAni.Dodecylbenzenesulfonic Acid and Carbon Black. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2012, 52, 2041-2048. 

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