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Rubber-filler Interaction

Kraus equation and Kraus plots based on swelling data are largely used to explore the rubber-filler interaction in conventional composites [62]. Bandyopadhyay et al. [38] have employed the same equation for understanding the reinforcement behavior in ACM-silica and ENR-silica hybrid... [Pg.75]

The important yet unexpected result is that in NR-s-SBR (solution) blends, carbon black preferably locates in the interphase, especially when the rubber-filler interaction is similar for both polymers. In this case, the carbon black volume fraction is 0.6 for the interphase, 0.24 for s-SBR phase, and only 0.09 in the NR phase. The higher amount in SBR phase could be due to the presence of aromatic structure both in the black and the rubber. Further, carbon black is less compatible with NR-cE-1,4 BR blend than NR-s-SBR blend because of the crystallization tendency of the former blend. There is a preferential partition of carbon black in favor of cis-1,4 BR, a significant lower partition coefficient compared to NR-s-SBR. Further, it was observed that the partition coefficient decreases with increased filler loading. In the EPDM-BR blend, the partition coefficient is as large as 3 in favor of BR. [Pg.319]

It is well known that the lower the AGM value, the better is the rubber-filler interaction. As for the Ch/MEK solvent combination x is zero, hence the A CN, cp2X term of (27) is zero for such a solvent combination. In all other solvent combinations, where x 0. the A l N r tp2X term of (27) is positive. Thus, AGM of the system for the Ch/MEK solvent combination is the least, and dispersion (if clay is in the rubber matrix) is also best in this solvent combination, giving rise to the highest polymer-filler interaction. [Pg.75]

Gilliland, E. R., and GutofF, E. B. (1960). Rubber-filler interactions solution adsorption studies. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 3 26-42. [Pg.201]

Ayala et al. proposed the following equation to describe rubber-filler interaction ... [Pg.362]

This equation implies that reduction of filler-filler interaction increases rubber-filler interaction which is what mixing does. Figure 7.13 confirms the usefulness of equation 7.7. [Pg.362]

Figure 15.33 shows benzene uptake by natural rubber samples. Filled samples absorb less solvent (lower swelling). The carbon black containing sample had a lower benzene uptake than the silica filled sample. The lower swelling of the carbon black containing sample is due to high bound rubber content, the crosslink density of the black filled vulcanizate, and a strong rubber-filler interaction. [Pg.685]

Reinforcement, in its most important aspects, requires the presence of an infinite polymer network. Even though fillers frequently reinforce unvulcanized rubbers to a significant degree, they do so only when an appreciable gel fraction is formed by the rubber-filler interaction, Le., when the filler itself furnishes a cross-linking mechanism. [Pg.157]

In attempting to predict the direction that future research in carbon black technology will follow, a review of the literature suggests that carbon black-elastomer interactions will provide the most potential to enhance compound performance. Le Bras demonstrated that carboxyl, phenolic, quinone, and other functional groups on the carbon black surface react with the polymer and provided evidence that chemical crosslinks exist between these materials in vul-canizates (LeBras and Papirer, 1979). Ayala et al. (1990, 1990) determined a rubber-filler interaction parameter directly from vulcanizatemeasurements. The authors identified the ratio a jn, where a = slope of the stress-strain curve that relates to the black-polymer interaction, and n = the ratio of dynamic modulus E at 1 and 25% strain amplitude and is a measure of filler-filler interaction. This interaction parameter emphasizes the contribution of carbon black-polymer interactions and reduces the influence of physical phenomena associated with networking. Use of this defined parameter enabled a number of conclusions to be made ... [Pg.436]

Surface acidity is controlled by the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the silica and is intermediate between those of P-OH and B-OH. This intrinsic acidity can influence peroxide vulcanization, although in sulfur curing, there is no significant effect. Rubber-filler interaction is affected by these sites. [Pg.438]

Leblanc, J. L. 2002. Rubber-filler interactions and rheological properties in filled compounds. Progress in Polymer Science 27 627-687. [Pg.48]

In addition, the layer structure of the clay in the nanocomposite can strongly restrict the motion of rubber molecules and hinders the propagation of the crack during tearing. These results indicate that 50 phr of silica can be replaced by 4 phr of OC with a reduction of the filler content by 12.5 times without adversely affecting the final properties of the material. The enhancement of the mechanical properties is due to the better dispersion of OC in the NR matrix and strong rubber-filler interaction. [Pg.589]


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