Carbon applications tested

This technology has broad applicability. For instance, using the same carbon support, test results show that a new Pt/C catalyst with edge-metal location and low dispersion resulted in 36% more activity than ESCAT 20 in a standard nitrobenzene (SNB) test (Figure 6). Using the same technology with a different carbon support yielded a catalyst with 57% more activity than ESCAT 20 in SNB test (16,17). 

Commercial and non-commercial carbons were tested for their applicability as anode of lithium-ion battery. It was found that Superior Graphite Co s materials are characterized both by high reversible capacities and low irreversible capacities and thus can be regarded as good candidates for practical full cells. Cylindrical AA-size Li-ion cells manufactured using laboratory techniques on the basis of SL-20 anode had initial capacities over 500 mAh (volumetric energy density ca. 240 Wh/dm3). Boron-doped carbon... 

Application Tests. Physicochemical and special analytical test methods allow the classification of carbon blacks and a rough estimation of their application properties. Exact data on the application properties of a carbon black in a special system, e.g., plastic material or a rubber mixture, can only be given by application tests under nearly practical conditions. 

This carbon has been evaluated over several years by nearly a hundred industrial, government and academic organizations worldwide in several hundred tests for numerous applications. In these tests, average performance ratios (factor of improved performance) of this carbon with other carbons (from 14 manufacturers) ranged from 1,5 to as high as 30, most in the 2 to 4 range. Table III is an overall list of applications tested. 

The determination of the carbon residue of petroleum or a petroleum product is applicable to relatively nonvolatile samples that decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Samples that contain ash-forming constituents will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending on the amount of ash formed. All three methods are apphcable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products that partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Crude oils having a low carbon residue may be distilled to a specified residue with the carbon residue test of choice then applied to that residue. 

Other test methods that are used for determining the coking value of tar and pitch (ASTM D-2416, ASTM D-4715), which indicates the relative coke-forming properties of tars and pitches, might also be applied to asphalt. Both test methods are applicable to tar and pitch with an ash content <0.5% (ASTM D-2415). The former test method (ASTM D-2416) gives results close to those obtained by the Conradson carbon residue test (ASTM D-189, IP 13). However, in the latter test method (ASTM D-4715), a sample is heated for a specified time at 550 10°C (1022 18°F) in an electric furnace. The percentage of residue is reported as the coking value. 

AU other carbon steel, low-intermediate, and high-aUoy steels, ferritic steels Base metal Deposited weld metal and heat-affected zone (See Note 1) 2. Except when conchtions conform to Note 2, the material shall be heat-treated to control its microstructure by a method appropriate to the material as outlined in the specification applicable to the product form and then impact-tested. (See Note 1.) Deposited weld metal and heat-affected zone shall be impact-tested. 

While the carbon dioxide/caiistic test method has become accepted, one should use the results with caution. The chemical reaction masks the effect of physical absorption, and the relative values in the table may not hold for other cases, especially distillation applications where much of the resistance to mass transfer is in the gas phase. Background on this combination of physical and chemical absorption may Be found earher in the present section, under Absorption with Chemical Reaction. ... 

Application of these tests at successive steps will give a good indication of whether or not the purification is satisfactory and will also show when adequate purification has been achieved. Finally elemental analyses, e.g. of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, metals etc. are very sensitive to impurities (other than with isomers), and are good criteria of purity. 

Applications that have been tested with good results are cases where nitrous oxide has been the air contaminant of current interest or used as a tracer gas. Other applications have been carbon disulfide in a rayon factory and styrene vapor, one of the volatile components from a surface-coating material. 

Applicability of Semiconductor Gas Sensors Research into the applications of this type of sensor has mainly been concerned with measuring carbon monoxide concentration in flue gases. Tests show that sensors follow the concentration of carbon monoxide in the flue gas. Improvement in sensor performance has resulted with the introduction of a catalytic additive (palladium or... 

Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) finds many applications outside the chemistry laboratory. If you ve ever had an emissions test on the exhaust system of your car, GLC was almost certainly the analytical method used. Pollutants such as carbon monoxide and unbumed hydrocarbons appear as peaks on a graph such as that shown in Figure 1.7. A computer determines the areas under these peaks, which are proportional to the concentrations of pollutants, and prints out a series of numbers that tells the inspector whether your car passed or failed the test. Many of the techniques used to test people lor drugs (marijuana, cocaine, and others) or alcohol also make use of gas-liquid chromatography. 

Practical application also requires knowledge of the weight-to-weight ratio because the amount of phosphonate needed for a special task is of economic interest. A commonly used method is the Hampshire test [307]. One to two grams of the product is solved in 100 ml of distilled water and then 10 ml of a sodium carbonate solution (2%) is added. This solution is titrated by 0.25 M solution of calcium acetate at pH 12 until permanent turbidity occurs [308], The best means for testing of commercial sequestrants is often to choose conditions of practical relevance because in practical applications a great many parameters have to be taken into account [309]. 

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