Carbohydrates technology

Because of its importance to carbohydrate technology, biochemistry, and physical organic chemistry, the hydrolytic cleavage of glycosides has been extensively studied with respect to both acid and enzymic catalysis. Reviews on the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis have been presented by BeMiller, Capon, ... 

Department of Carbohydrate Technology, Langer Kamp 5, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany. Tel +49-531-380090 Fax +49-531-3800988 E-mail k.buchholz tu-bs.de... 

Department of Carbohydrate Technology Danger Kamp 5 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany... 

Department of Carbohydrate Technology, The Hugon Kotfgtaj Academy of Agriculture,... 

Even if It could be shown that RNA preceded both DNA and proteins in the march toward living things that doesn t automatically make RNA the first self replicating molecule Another possibility is that a self replicating polynucleotide based on some carbo hydrate other than o ribose was a precursor to RNA Over many generations natural selection could have led to the replacement of the other carbohydrate by D ribose giving RNA Recent research on unnatural polynucleotides by Professor Albert Eschenmoser of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) has shown for example that nucleic acids based on L threose possess many of the properties of RNA and DNA... 

As mentioned previously, cellulosic phases as well as amylosic phases have also been used extensively for enantiomeric separations more recently (89,90). Most of the work ia this area has been with various derivatives of the native carbohydrate. The enantioresolving abiUties of the derivatized cellulosic and amylosic phases are reported to be very dependent on the types of substituents on the aromatic moieties that are appended onto the native carbohydrate (91). Table 3 fists some of the cellulosic and amylosic derivatives that have been used. These columns are available through Chiral Technologies, Inc. and J. T. Baker, Inc. 

Nitric acid oxidation is used where carbohydrates, ethylene glycol, and propylene are the starting materials. The diaLkyl oxalate process is the newest, where diaLkyl oxalate is synthesized from carbon monoxide and alcohol, then hydrolyzed to oxahc acid. This process has been developed by UBE Industries in Japan as a CO coupling technology in the course of exploring C-1 chemistry. 

Crude chloroform-methanol-water (30 60 8, v/v) extracts of immunostainedTLC bands were analyzed without further purification by nanoelectrospray low-energy mass spectrometry. The authors showed that this effective PLC/MS-joined procedure offers a wide range of applications for any carbohydrate-binding agents such as bacterial toxins, plant lectins, and others. Phenyl-boronic acid (PBA) immobilized on stationary support phases can be put to similar applications. This technology, named boronate affinity chromatography (BAC), consists of a chemical reaction of 1,2- and 1,3-diols with the bonded-phase PBA to form a stable... 

Once the product specifications have been fixed, some decisions need to be made regarding the reaction path. There are sometimes different paths to the same product. For example, suppose ethanol is to be manufactured. Ethylene could be used as a raw material and reacted with water to produce ethanol. An alternative would be to start with methanol as a raw material and react it with synthesis gas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) to produce the same product. These two paths employ chemical reactor technology. A third path could employ a biochemical reaction (or fermentation) that exploits the metabolic processes of microorganisms in a biochemical reactor. Ethanol could therefore also be manufactured by fermentation of a carbohydrate. 

T. Feizi, F. Fazio, W. Chai, and C.-H. Wong, Carbohydrate microarrays—anew set of technologies at the frontiers of glycomics, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 13... 

The peppermint oil gland secretory cell cDNA library has proven to provide a highly enriched source of candidate genes involved in essential oil biosynthesis. A functional genomics approach has successfully been employed to clone genes involved in the mevalonate-independent pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis and in the peppermint-specific steps producing (-)-menthol and (-)-menthone. The optimization of LC-MS technology to profile phosphoiylated carbohydrates and... 

Levine, H., Slade, L. Principles of cryostabilisation technology from structure/property relationship of carbohydrate/water system-A Review. Cryo-Letters 9, p. 21-63, 1988. Published by Cryo-Letters, 7, Wootton Way, Cambridge. CB3 9LX, U. K. 

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