Carbohydrates lactose intolerance

Metabolic a metabolic effect of the host (intestinal insufficiency) e.g., carbohydrate (lactose) intolerance... 

Lactose intolerance is responsible for many cases of acute diarrhea, especially in patients of African descent, Asians, and Native Americans. Foods should be considered as possible causes, especially fat substitutes, dairy products, and products containing non-absorbable carbohydrates. 

As this patient s history indicated that his problems began soon after he started taking 2 cups of milk with lunch at school and his physical examination and stool examination findings suggested he had carbohydrate malabsorption, a diagnosis of lactose intolerance was made. It was recommended that his milk intake at lunch be decreased to half a cup (about 4 oz). His symptoms improved considerably and almost immediately. His milk intake was then gradually increased such that he was ultimately able to take up to 8 oz of milk without much complaint, especially when the milk was taken with other foods. 

Lactose, a carbohydrate formed from two simple sugars, glucose and galactose, is the principal sugar in dairy products. Many individuals, mainly of Asian and African descent, lack adequate amounts of the enzyme necessary to digest and absorb lactose. This condition, lactose intolerance, is associated with abdominal cramping and recurrent diarrhea, and is precipitated by the ingestion of milk and dairy products. In Chapter 27, we learn about the structure, synthesis, and properties of carbohydrates like lactose. 

Carbohydrates are of major interest in ferod science. The monosaccharides and Starches present in natural and processed foods have a marked effect on their color, texture, consistency, and pa la lability. l,actose, the major carbohydrate of milk, can limit its acceptability as a food for those with lactose intolerance. Slowly digestible carbohydrates are used in the diets of certain diabetics, who must eliminate or restrict their intake of foods containing rapidly absorbed carbohydrates such as candies, honey syrup, and jam. 

Lactose Intolerance (Milk Intolerance) Lactose intolerance is the most common disorder of carbohydrate absorption. Lactase deficiency occurs in the majority of human adults throughout the world and appears to be genetically determined. The prevalence is high in persons of African and Asian ancestry ( 65%) and low in persons of Northern European ancestry. Lactase deficiency in which mucosal lactase levels are low or absent at birth... 

Poorly absorbed substances retain intestinal fluids, resulting in osmotic diarrhea. This process occurs with malabsorption syndromes, lactose intolerance, administration of divalent ions (e.g., magnesium-containing antacids), or consumption of poorly soluble carbohydrate (e.g., lacmlose). As a poorly soluble solute is transported, the gut adjusts the osmolality to that of plasma in so doing, water and electrolytes flux into the lumen. Clinically, osmotic diarrhea is distinguishable from other types, as it ceases if the patient resorts to a fasting state. 

The major cause of intestinal gas is undigested carbohydrates. In particular, the oligosaccharides, which are the most common of the carbohydrates. These are mostly found in beans and other legumes. The second most common is lactose or milk sugar. The problem exists because so many people are lactose intolerant. This means they lack the enzyme that breaks down lactose. 

INBORN ERRORS OF THE METABOLISM. At times the metabolism of the nutrients cannot proceed normally due to some defect in the genetic information that exists at birth or shortly thereafter. These defects can affect the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats hence, they are referred to as inborn errors of metabolism. Often they are due to production of a nonfunctional enzyme or complete lack of an enzyme involved in the metabolic scheme. Since enzymes are protein, their production relies upon correct genetic information. Many of these inborn errors have serious consequences, but fortunately most are rare. Familiar examples of errors in carbohydrate metabolism include lactose intolerance and galactosemia. Familiar examples of errors in protein metabolism include albinism, maple syrup urine disease, and phenylketonuria. The hyperlipoproteinemias are familiar examples of inborn errors of fat metabolism. 

GLC is widely used for the study of carbohydrates however, there have been far fewer applications to food chemistry (76). This situation will undoubtedly change as more information regarding the dietary and its impact upon health is requested. For example, the realization that a large percentage of the world population is intolerant to lactose has led to the development of... 

Storage diseases Some of the genetic metabolic diseases require special dietary measures, e.g. (1.) disorders of the urea cycle are treated by means of a diet similar to that applied in encephalopathy (s. p. 594), (2.) Gierke s disease necessitates a high-carbohydrate diet (s. p. 595), (i.) Cori s disease is treated with formula diets and a starch diet (s. p. 596), (4.) galactosaemia requires a galactose-and lactose-free diet (s. p. 597), and (5.) in fructose intolerance, a fructose- and saccharose-free diet must be given, (s. p. 597)... 

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