Targeting carbohydrate-mediated

Special emphasis is placed on the carbohydrate-mediated cell - target system interaction by describing hints and pitfalls of assays for cytoadhesion, specificity, cytoinvasion, and cytoevasion. In addition, basic considerations are presented to discriminate between active and passive uptake as well as to detect lysosomal accumulation. Finally, the pros and cons of two useful analytical techniques, namely, flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy, are described in detail. 

Jones, M. N. Carbohydrate-mediated liposomal targeting and drug delivery. Adv. Drug Del. Rev. 13 215-250, 1994. 

A comprehensive review (260 refs.) on the synthesis of carbohydrates from noncarbohydrate sources covers the use of benzene-derived diols and products of Sharpless asymmetric oxidation as starting materials, Dodoni s thiazole and Vogel s naked sugar approaches, as well as the application of enzyme-catalysed aldol condensations. The preparation of monosaccharides by enzyme-catalysed aldol condensations is also discussed in a review on recent advances in the chemoenzymic synthesis of carbohydrates and carbohydrate mimetics, in parts of reviews on the formation of carbon-carbon bonds by enzymic asymmetric synthesis and on carbohydrate-mediated biochemical recognition processes as potential targets for drug development, as well as in connection with the introduction of three Aldol Reaction Kits that provide dihydroxyacetone phosphate-dependent aldolases (27 refs.). A further review deals with the synthesis of carbohydrates by application of the nitrile oxide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (13 refs.). ... 

Targeted delivery has also been used to investigate the structure of carbohydrates needed to obtain discrimination of cellular uptake between liver and tumor cells [184], A study was performed by doubly modifying BSA with both a fluorophore (via Lys isothiocyanate derivatization) and different fucose derivatives (via Tyr diazotization). Similar studies have used EDC-mediated coupling to also attach therapeutic agents for delivery to human embryonal carcinoma cells [185]. 

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