Capsicum spray

Another tear gas, probably of most common use or abuse is the pepper spray or Oleoresin Capsicum (Agent OC) or capsicum spray. It has an odor of red pepper. Its chemical name is N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methyl]-6-noxenamide. It is used by police force for crowd control and by many people for their personal self-defense and abused for robbery and attacks. This compound is derived from cayenne peppers. Its toxicity is relatively low and the compound is non-lethal. However, there are a very few unconfirmed reports of fatalities from heavy exposnres to this substance. The effects from pepper spray are mostly inflammation of eyes, cansing immediate closing of eyes and conghing. Moderate to heavy exposures, however, can canse temporary blindness and may affect breathing when sprayed on the face. Its effects may last for a dnration of 30 to 60 minntes. 

Furthermore, pepper spray is a lachrymatory agent used as a weapon for defence against human or animal attacks. This weapon is also called Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray or just Capsicum spray. In many countries there exist restrictions for personal self-defence, e.g., possession of pepper spray requires a license or is even not allowed. However, it is of considerable significance for authorities (police etc.). 

Dog repeUents available commercially in the 1990s have been generally unsuccessful in laboratory tests. Por example, lithium chloride treatments were usually rejected immediately with no ingestion, and bone oil treatments that contained up to 0.1% of the active ingredient were stiH consumed (93). Oleoresin capsicum [8023-77-6], the essence of red pepper, did have an extended effect on coyotes, even though the deer repeUents mentioned above were attractive to coyotes (93). Although a capsicum-base aerosol repeUent has been described as potentially harmful (94), pepper spray is commercially available in the United States to repel humans, as is Mace. 

Caprylic/capric triglyceride, cosmetically useful lipid, 7 833t Capsanthin, 24 560 Capsicum group, 23 164-165 Capsorubin, 24 560 Capsular polysaccharides, 20 455 Capsules. See also Microencapsulation extruding, 16 446 pharmaceutical, 18 708 produced by spray drying, 16 447-448 Capsule standard platinum resistance thermometers, 24 445 Captafol, 23 629, 647 Captan, 23 628 Captiva camera, 19 307 Captive hydrogen, 13 841 Captopril, 5 148... 

Vanillin is the starting point for several chemicals. Thus capsaicin, the pungent principle of red pepper (Capsicum annuum), used in pepper-spray and pain killing ointments, is made in two steps from vanillin. 

Capsaicin (cap-say -i-sin). Also called capsicum, capsaicin is the main ingredient found in many hot peppers (Figure 6.2) and spices such as paprika and cayenne pepper. Capsaicin is also the active ingredient in self-defense products such as pepper spray. Capsaicin directly activates nociceptors located on nerve fibers, and thus it would seem to be counterproductive (if not crazy) to apply such a substance on a wound to relieve pain. However, it turns out that capsaicin creams, gels, and lotions are indeed effective pain relievers and counterirritants when applied topically to the skin. 

Reilly, C.A., Crouch, D.J. and Yost, G.S. (2001) Quantitative analysis of capsaicinoids in fresh peppers, oleoresin capsicum and pepper spray products. Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(3), 502-509. 

Zollman, T.M., Bragg, R.M., Harrison, D.A. (2000). Clinical effects of oleoresin capsicum (pepper spray) on the human cornea and conjunctiva. Ophthalmology 107 2186-9. 

Chloroacetophenone (CN, mace, tear gas), ehlor-obenzylidene malonitrile (CS, Paralyzer , super tear gas), and oleoresin capsicum (OC, pepper-mace) are laerimators used in riot control. They are solid ehemicals administered as a fine dust or aerosol spray, and not true gases. Exposure to lacrimators causes immediate pain, blepharospasm, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, coughing, and sneezing but usually... 

National Institute of Justice, Oleoresin capsicum pepper spray as a force alternative, NIJ, Technology Assessment Programs, US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC, 1994. 

Recer, G.M., Johnson, T.B., and Gleason, A.K., An evaluation of the relative potential public health concern for the self-defense spray active ingredients oleoresin capsicum, o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, and 2-chloroacetophenone, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 36, 1-11, 2002. 

Vesaluoma, M., Muller, J., Lambiase, A., Moilanen, J., Hack, T., Belmonte, C., and Tervo, T., Effects of oleoresin capsicum pepper spray on human comeal morphology and sensitivity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 2138-2147, 2000. 

Capsaicin is the major pungent component of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC), commonly known as pepper spray. OC is extracted from dried ripe chilli peppers and is a variable mixture of many compounds. Related irritants (capsaici-noids) present in the mixture include dihydrocap-saicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, ho-modihydrocapsaicin and nonivamide. The latter is used as a synthetic substitute for pepper spray. 

PCSI, peripheral chemosensory irritant CN, 1-chloroacetophenone CS, o-chlorobenzylidene malononi-trile OC, oleoresin capsicum PAVA, pelargonic acid vanillylaminde TS, trade secret (proprietary). c PIS, Personal incapacitant spray used by UK police forces. d SPAD, Self protection aid device (developed by UK Defence Ministry). e PEG, polyethylene glycol. 

Source and Composition. OC is an oily reddish-brown extract of pepper plants of the genus Capsicum, principally from Capsicum an-nuum and Capsicum frutescens. Depending on the variety of the chilli pepper, OC contains from 0.01 to 1.0% capsaicinoids on a dry mass basis. The extract is a complex mixture of fat-soluble phenols (capsaicinoids), some of which are listed in Table 4. The composition of OC is highly variable and depends on factors such as the conditions of extraction, maturity of the fruit and environmental conditions in which the Capsicum plants were grown. Thus, the capsaicinoid content of extracts used in pepper spray varies between manufacturers (1.2-12.6% Smith and Stopford, 1999). Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin make up to 80-90% of the total capsaicinoids in OC extract. 

Stefee CH, Lantz PA, Flannagan LM et al. (1995). Oleoresin capsicum (pepper) spray and in custody deaths . Am J Forens Med Pathol, 16, 185-192. 

Pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum. Extracted from cayenne pepper and paprika proposed as a harassing agent in WWI. Used in pepper sprays. Irritant. Damages sensory nerve endings. 

Oleoresin of capsicum OC pepper spray (-) Food additive tear gas Food additive... 

The Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) called the Pepper spray can be naturally found in hot chilies. The OC has been recently found as more efficient than the common police incapacitating agents, because it causes a faster and longer lasting reaction. The spray can be used for on-spot or wider purposes. Simultaneously, the Pepper gel was also developed. This gel is launched from its container by air-pressure when contact occurs, the gel clings to any surface (if it touches the face, it may cause temporary blindness). The gel formula contains 10% of OC mixed with the gel. The gel is not flammable [299]. 

Department of the Navy (1998). Legal Review of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Pepper Spray, (Ser 103/353). Office of the Judge Advocate General, Alexandria, Virginia. 

J.-P. Meunier et al. (2007). Use of spray cooling technology for development of micro-encapsulated Capsicum Oleoresin for the growing ping as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics. Study of Release using In Vitro Models. J. Anim. ScL, October 2007 85(10) 2699-2710. 

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