Oleoresin capsicum spray

Dog repeUents available commercially in the 1990s have been generally unsuccessful in laboratory tests. Por example, lithium chloride treatments were usually rejected immediately with no ingestion, and bone oil treatments that contained up to 0.1% of the active ingredient were stiH consumed (93). Oleoresin capsicum [8023-77-6], the essence of red pepper, did have an extended effect on coyotes, even though the deer repeUents mentioned above were attractive to coyotes (93). Although a capsicum-base aerosol repeUent has been described as potentially harmful (94), pepper spray is commercially available in the United States to repel humans, as is Mace. 

Reilly, C.A., Crouch, D.J. and Yost, G.S. (2001) Quantitative analysis of capsaicinoids in fresh peppers, oleoresin capsicum and pepper spray products. Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(3), 502-509. 

Zollman, T.M., Bragg, R.M., Harrison, D.A. (2000). Clinical effects of oleoresin capsicum (pepper spray) on the human cornea and conjunctiva. Ophthalmology 107 2186-9. 

Chloroacetophenone (CN, mace, tear gas), ehlor-obenzylidene malonitrile (CS, Paralyzer , super tear gas), and oleoresin capsicum (OC, pepper-mace) are laerimators used in riot control. They are solid ehemicals administered as a fine dust or aerosol spray, and not true gases. Exposure to lacrimators causes immediate pain, blepharospasm, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, coughing, and sneezing but usually... 

National Institute of Justice, Oleoresin capsicum pepper spray as a force alternative, NIJ, Technology Assessment Programs, US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC, 1994. 

Recer, G.M., Johnson, T.B., and Gleason, A.K., An evaluation of the relative potential public health concern for the self-defense spray active ingredients oleoresin capsicum, o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile, and 2-chloroacetophenone, Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 36, 1-11, 2002. 

Vesaluoma, M., Muller, J., Lambiase, A., Moilanen, J., Hack, T., Belmonte, C., and Tervo, T., Effects of oleoresin capsicum pepper spray on human comeal morphology and sensitivity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 2138-2147, 2000. 

Capsaicin is the major pungent component of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC), commonly known as pepper spray. OC is extracted from dried ripe chilli peppers and is a variable mixture of many compounds. Related irritants (capsaici-noids) present in the mixture include dihydrocap-saicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, ho-modihydrocapsaicin and nonivamide. The latter is used as a synthetic substitute for pepper spray. 

PCSI, peripheral chemosensory irritant CN, 1-chloroacetophenone CS, o-chlorobenzylidene malononi-trile OC, oleoresin capsicum PAVA, pelargonic acid vanillylaminde TS, trade secret (proprietary). c PIS, Personal incapacitant spray used by UK police forces. d SPAD, Self protection aid device (developed by UK Defence Ministry). e PEG, polyethylene glycol. 

Stefee CH, Lantz PA, Flannagan LM et al. (1995). Oleoresin capsicum (pepper) spray and in custody deaths . Am J Forens Med Pathol, 16, 185-192. 

Pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum. Extracted from cayenne pepper and paprika proposed as a harassing agent in WWI. Used in pepper sprays. Irritant. Damages sensory nerve endings. 

The Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) called the Pepper spray can be naturally found in hot chilies. The OC has been recently found as more efficient than the common police incapacitating agents, because it causes a faster and longer lasting reaction. The spray can be used for on-spot or wider purposes. Simultaneously, the Pepper gel was also developed. This gel is launched from its container by air-pressure when contact occurs, the gel clings to any surface (if it touches the face, it may cause temporary blindness). The gel formula contains 10% of OC mixed with the gel. The gel is not flammable [299]. 

Department of the Navy (1998). Legal Review of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Pepper Spray, (Ser 103/353). Office of the Judge Advocate General, Alexandria, Virginia. 

Another tear gas, probably of most common use or abuse is the pepper spray or Oleoresin Capsicum (Agent OC) or capsicum spray. It has an odor of red pepper. Its chemical name is N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methyl]-6-noxenamide. It is used by police force for crowd control and by many people for their personal self-defense and abused for robbery and attacks. This compound is derived from cayenne peppers. Its toxicity is relatively low and the compound is non-lethal. However, there are a very few unconfirmed reports of fatalities from heavy exposnres to this substance. The effects from pepper spray are mostly inflammation of eyes, cansing immediate closing of eyes and conghing. Moderate to heavy exposures, however, can canse temporary blindness and may affect breathing when sprayed on the face. Its effects may last for a dnration of 30 to 60 minntes. 

GN mace (riot control agent) OG oleoresin capsicum (pepper spray)... 

Furthermore, pepper spray is a lachrymatory agent used as a weapon for defence against human or animal attacks. This weapon is also called Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray or just Capsicum spray. In many countries there exist restrictions for personal self-defence, e.g., possession of pepper spray requires a license or is even not allowed. However, it is of considerable significance for authorities (police etc.). 

Also knovm as OC (from Oleoresin capsicum), pepper spray produces significant eye irritation with watering, pain and temporary bUndness. It is used as a crowd control agent and for personal defence. The active ingredient in pepper spray is capsaicin, which is a chemical derived from plants in the Capsicum genus, including chillies. 

Capsaicin (12.3) is the active, hot, ingredient in chili peppers. It has found uses medicinally in ointments to relieve neuropathic pain such as that in shingles and is widely employed as oleoresin capsicum (OC) or pepper spray for personal defense and as a non-lethal agent in riot control. It is a potent lachrymator and causes pain to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes and temporary breathing difficulties. Its use in warfare is prohibited... 

J.-P. Meunier et al. (2007). Use of spray cooling technology for development of micro-encapsulated Capsicum Oleoresin for the growing ping as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics. Study of Release using In Vitro Models. J. Anim. ScL, October 2007 85(10) 2699-2710. 

For the purposes of this chapter, "chemical warfare agent" (CWA) is used as a fairly comprehensive term to refer to a diverse group of toxicants commonly discussed within the context of chemical incapacitation for crowd control during riots or death or incapacitation associated with military use or terrorism. The lachrymatory and irritant riot control agents include a-chlorbenzylidene malonitrile (CS), dibenz b,f)-VA oxazepine (CR), w-chloroacetophenone (CN), and oleoresin of capsicum (OC pepper spray) (Salem et al., 2008a). The CWAs... 

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