Peripheral chemosensory irritant

Local Reflexes Resulting from Sensory Nerve Receptor Stimulation by Peripheral Chemosensory Irritants... 

PCSI = peripheral chemosensory irritant CN = 1-chloroacetophenone CS = o-chlorobenzyhdene malononitrile ... 

Representative Acute LD50 Values for Peripheral Chemosensory Irritants (PCSI) to Various Species by the Intravenous (IV), Intraperitoneal (IP), and Peroral Routes... 

Ballantyne, B., Riot control agents in military operations, civil disturbance control, and potential terrorist activities, with particular reference to peripheral chemosensory irritants, in Chemical Warfare Agents Toxicology and Treatment, Second Edition, Marrs, T.C., Maynard, R.L., and SideU, F.R., Eds., John Wiley Sons, Chichester, 2006a, pp. 543-612. 

Ballantyne, B., Peripheral chemosensory irritation with particular reference to respiratory tract exposure, in Inhalation Toxicology, Second Edition, Salem, H. and Katz, S.A., Eds., Taylor and Francis, Baton Rouge, PT, 2006b, pp. 269 306. 

Ballantyne, B., Snellings, W. M., and Norris, J. C. (2006). Respiratory peripheral chemosensory irritation, acute and repeated exposure toxicity studies with aerosols of triethylene glycol. J Appl Toxicol 26(5), 387-396. 

RIOT CONTROL AGENTS IN MILITARY OPERATIONS, CIVIL DISTURBANCE CONTROL AND POTENTIAL TERRORIST ACTIVITIES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO PERIPHERAL CHEMOSENSORY IRRITANTS... 

PCSI, peripheral chemosensory irritant CN, 1-chloroacetophenone CS, o-chlorobenzylidene malononi-trile OC, oleoresin capsicum PAVA, pelargonic acid vanillylaminde TS, trade secret (proprietary). c PIS, Personal incapacitant spray used by UK police forces. d SPAD, Self protection aid device (developed by UK Defence Ministry). e PEG, polyethylene glycol. 

PHYSIOLOGICAL, HARRASSING AND INCAPACITING EFFECTS OF PERIPHERAL CHEMOSENSORY IRRITANTS... 

Figure 1. Concentration-population response curve for threshold peripheral chemosensory irritation to the human eye from an aerosol of 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS). Probit analysis of this data gives a TC50 of 4.0 x 10-3 mg m-3...

SPECIFIC PERIPHERAL CHEMOSENSORY IRRITANTS CONSIDERED FOR USE IN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS... 

Table 3. Peripheral chemosensory irritant potency and comparative potency of o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile CS) and dibenz(b.f)- , 4-oxa/.cpinc (CR) aerosols0...

Ballantyne, B. (2005). Peripheral chemosensory irritation with particular reference to inhaled materials. In Inhalation Toxicology (H. Salem and A. Kat, Eds.), 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,... 

RCAs are peripheral chemosensory irritants that target the eyes, airways and/or skin. The 1997 CWC defines them as Any chemical not listed in a Schedule, which can produce rapidly in humans sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which disappear within a short time following termination of exposure . Use for riot control purposes is permitted under the CWC, but not for military harassment, and stocks of RCAs must be declared. Most of the major RCAs [CN, CS and dibenz[/),/]-l,4-oxazepine (CR) Scheme 1.8] are low volatility solids and, unless they are used in solution in a spray, they need to be aerosolised for efficient use, for example using pyrotechnic munitions or dispersed as micronised powders. 

B. Ballantyne, Riot Control Agents in Military Operations, Civil Disturbance Control and Potential Terrorist Activities, with Particular Reference to Peripheral Chemosensory Irritants, Chemical Warfare Agents, Toxicology and Treatment, ed. T. C. Marrs, R. L. Maynard and F. R Sidell, 2nd edn, Wiley, Chichester, 2007, ch. 26, pp. 543-612. 

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