Oleoresin capsicum pepper

Zollman, T.M., Bragg, R.M., Harrison, D.A. (2000). Clinical effects of oleoresin capsicum (pepper spray) on the human cornea and conjunctiva. Ophthalmology 107 2186-9. 

National Institute of Justice, Oleoresin capsicum pepper spray as a force alternative, NIJ, Technology Assessment Programs, US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC, 1994. 

Vesaluoma, M., Muller, J., Lambiase, A., Moilanen, J., Hack, T., Belmonte, C., and Tervo, T., Effects of oleoresin capsicum pepper spray on human comeal morphology and sensitivity. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 41, 2138-2147, 2000. 

Stefee CH, Lantz PA, Flannagan LM et al. (1995). Oleoresin capsicum (pepper) spray and in custody deaths . Am J Forens Med Pathol, 16, 185-192. 

GN mace (riot control agent) OG oleoresin capsicum (pepper spray)... 

Also knovm as OC (from Oleoresin capsicum), pepper spray produces significant eye irritation with watering, pain and temporary bUndness. It is used as a crowd control agent and for personal defence. The active ingredient in pepper spray is capsaicin, which is a chemical derived from plants in the Capsicum genus, including chillies. 

Dog repeUents available commercially in the 1990s have been generally unsuccessful in laboratory tests. Por example, lithium chloride treatments were usually rejected immediately with no ingestion, and bone oil treatments that contained up to 0.1% of the active ingredient were stiH consumed (93). Oleoresin capsicum [8023-77-6], the essence of red pepper, did have an extended effect on coyotes, even though the deer repeUents mentioned above were attractive to coyotes (93). Although a capsicum-base aerosol repeUent has been described as potentially harmful (94), pepper spray is commercially available in the United States to repel humans, as is Mace. 

Reilly, C.A., Crouch, D.J. and Yost, G.S. (2001) Quantitative analysis of capsaicinoids in fresh peppers, oleoresin capsicum and pepper spray products. Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(3), 502-509. 

This method is currently being used for routine laboratory analysis of red pepper heat. Results have been consistent and continue to correlate well with HPLC data. A similar procedure has also been used for sensory evaluation of black pepper heat. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM, Committee E-18) has conducted a collaborative study testing the new method in comparison to the Scoville Method. ASTM E-18 is currently preparing to document it as a standardized test method. Also, a modification of the method is being prepared for oleoresin capsicum and for low-heat capsicums. 

Figure 8. Sensory heat ratings versus concentration of oleoresin capsicum on paprika for a set of 15 artificial red peppers. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 4, copyright 1984, Institute of Food Technologists.

Chloroacetophenone (CN, mace, tear gas), ehlor-obenzylidene malonitrile (CS, Paralyzer , super tear gas), and oleoresin capsicum (OC, pepper-mace) are laerimators used in riot control. They are solid ehemicals administered as a fine dust or aerosol spray, and not true gases. Exposure to lacrimators causes immediate pain, blepharospasm, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, coughing, and sneezing but usually... 

Oleoresin capsicum (OC), pelargonic acid vall-inylamide (PAVA), and capsaicin are derived from the pepper plant. The ingredients in hot peppers that are responsible for the heat are called caps-aicinoids. Capsaicinoids are a family of chemicals and they come with various heat qualities. The... 

OC is a reddish-brown oily liquid obtained by extracting dried, ripe fruit of chili peppers, usually Capsicum annuum or Capsicum fruitescenes. The oleoresin is a mixture of many compounds. Its composition is variable and depends on factors such as maturity of the fruit and the environment in which the plants are grown, as well as the conditions of the extraction. More than 100 compounds have been identified in oleoresin capsicum. Among the branched-and straight-chain alkyl vanillylamides isolated from oleoresin capsicum, capsaicin is the major pungent component in many peppers, and it is particularly noted for its irritant properties. Depending on the variety of chili pepper, the oleoresin contains from 0.01% to 1.0% capsaicinoids on a dry mass basis. Other components of the oleoresin such as phenolic compounds, acids, and esters may also possess irritant properties. 

Oleoresin capsicum is an oily reddish-brown extract of pepper plants of the genus Capsicum, principally Ca. annuum and Ca. frutescens. Depending on the variety of the plant, OC contains 0.01%-1.0% capsaicinoids (Cooper et ah, 1991), but the composition is highly variable depending on factors such as plant growth conditions, maturity, and extraction conditions. Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin constitute 80%-90% of the OC extract. 

Capsaicin is the major pungent component of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC), commonly known as pepper spray. OC is extracted from dried ripe chilli peppers and is a variable mixture of many compounds. Related irritants (capsaici-noids) present in the mixture include dihydrocap-saicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin, ho-modihydrocapsaicin and nonivamide. The latter is used as a synthetic substitute for pepper spray. 

Damhoeri A, Hosono A, Itoh T et al. (1985). In vitro mutagenicity tests on capsicum pepper, shallot and nutmeg oleoresins. Agr Biol Chem, 49,1519-1520. 

Pepper spray, oleoresin capsicum. Extracted from cayenne pepper and paprika proposed as a harassing agent in WWI. Used in pepper sprays. Irritant. Damages sensory nerve endings. 

Oleorealn A liquid or slmlllquld preparation extracted by means of eth , consisting essentially of fixed or volatile oil holding resin In solution. Oleoresin capsicum 4560 Any hot red pepper will do. 

The Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) called the Pepper spray can be naturally found in hot chilies. The OC has been recently found as more efficient than the common police incapacitating agents, because it causes a faster and longer lasting reaction. The spray can be used for on-spot or wider purposes. Simultaneously, the Pepper gel was also developed. This gel is launched from its container by air-pressure when contact occurs, the gel clings to any surface (if it touches the face, it may cause temporary blindness). The gel formula contains 10% of OC mixed with the gel. The gel is not flammable [299]. 

Department of the Navy (1998). Legal Review of Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) Pepper Spray, (Ser 103/353). Office of the Judge Advocate General, Alexandria, Virginia. 

Another tear gas, probably of most common use or abuse is the pepper spray or Oleoresin Capsicum (Agent OC) or capsicum spray. It has an odor of red pepper. Its chemical name is N-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) methyl]-6-noxenamide. It is used by police force for crowd control and by many people for their personal self-defense and abused for robbery and attacks. This compound is derived from cayenne peppers. Its toxicity is relatively low and the compound is non-lethal. However, there are a very few unconfirmed reports of fatalities from heavy exposnres to this substance. The effects from pepper spray are mostly inflammation of eyes, cansing immediate closing of eyes and conghing. Moderate to heavy exposures, however, can canse temporary blindness and may affect breathing when sprayed on the face. Its effects may last for a dnration of 30 to 60 minntes. 

Numerous attempts were made to fractionate the oleoresin Capsicum volatiles in such a manner that a peppery aroma would be concentrated in one fraction. Vacuum fractional distillation yielded four fractions plus a residue, none of which exhibited a peppery aroma. The first fraction eluted with pentane from a deactivated (15% water by weight) alumina adsorption column had a peppery aroma, but on rechromatographing the fraction on more active alumina, the pepper aroma was lost. The aroma was also mostly lost when preparative gas chromatography was applied in an attempt to separate the peppery alumina column fraction. 

Musk (Moschus moschiferus) Mustard oil Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) extract Myrrh gum Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) oil Myrtle (Myrtus communis) extract Myrtle (Myrtus communis) oil Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) oil Oak bark extract Oakmoss (Evernia prunastri) extract Oleoresin allspice Oleoresin basil Oleoresin black pepper Oleoresin capsicum Oleoresin cardamom... 

OG is a yellowish to orange oily liquid that contains oil from cayenne pepper (oleoresin capsicum), dissolved in a propellant. It is usually dispersed by an aerosol canister or as a liquid delivered as a launched munitions or explosive device. Like tear gas, it is a skin irritant. This is nontoxic food product and not a lethal agent. It has a large safety margin. 

Furthermore, pepper spray is a lachrymatory agent used as a weapon for defence against human or animal attacks. This weapon is also called Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray or just Capsicum spray. In many countries there exist restrictions for personal self-defence, e.g., possession of pepper spray requires a license or is even not allowed. However, it is of considerable significance for authorities (police etc.). 

Capsaicin (12.3) is the active, hot, ingredient in chili peppers. It has found uses medicinally in ointments to relieve neuropathic pain such as that in shingles and is widely employed as oleoresin capsicum (OC) or pepper spray for personal defense and as a non-lethal agent in riot control. It is a potent lachrymator and causes pain to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes and temporary breathing difficulties. Its use in warfare is prohibited... 

U.S. Oleoresin Imports. Reports of the USDA Hst only paprika and black pepper oleoresins by name, and label all others, eg, capsicum, celery seed, and turmeric, as "other" (Table 3). The steady increase in the value of oleoresin imports is expected to continue. 

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