Capillary liquid chromatography columns

Rruss, A., Kempter, C., Gysler, 1., and lira, T., Evaluation of packed capillary liquid chromatography columns and comparison with conventional-size columns. Journal of Chromatography A 1030(1-2), 167-176, 2004. 

Kennedy, R. T. Jorgenson, J. W. 1989. Preparation and evaluation of packed capillary liquid chromatography columns with inner diameters from 20 to 50pm. Anal. Chem., 61,1128-1135. 

Figure 1 Illustrations of electrochemical detector configurations coupled to capillary liquid chromatography columns. (A) End-column or wall jet electrode configuration with the working electrode positioned proximal to the fused silica capillary outlet. (B) On-column electrode showing a cylindrical carbon fiber positioned in the fused silica capillary outlet forming a thin annular layer between the fiber surface and the inner capillary wall.

MacNair, J.E., Patel, K.D., and Jorgenson, J.W., Ultrahigh-pressure reversed-phase capillary liquid chromatography isocratic and gradient elution using columns packed with 1.0 pm particles, Anal. Chem., 71, 700, 1999. 

Motokawa, M., Kobayashi, H., Ishizuka, N., Minakuchi, H., Nakanishi, K., Jinnai, H., Hosoya, K., Ikegami, T., Tanaka, N. (2002). Monolithic silica columns with various skeleton size and through-pore size for capillary liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 961, 53-63. 

Song Y, Quan Z, Evans JL, Byrd EA, Liu YM. 2004. Enhancing capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry of biogenic amines by pre-column derivatization with 7-fLuoro-4-nitrobenzoxadiazole. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 18 989. 

J. D. Protein-doped monolithic silica columns for capillary liquid chromatography prepared by the sol-gel method applications to frontal affinity chromatography. Anal Chem... 

Huang, X. A., Zhang, S., Schultz, G. A., and Henion, J., Surface-alkylated polystyrene monolithic columns for peptide analysis in capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 74(10), 2336-2344, 2002. 

Gas emerging from a capillary gas chromatography column can go directly into the ion source of a well-pumped mass spectrometer to provide qualitative and quantitative information about the components of a mixture. For liquid chromatography, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization utilizes a corona discharge needle to create a variety of gaseous ions. Alternatively, electrospray employs high voltage at the exit of the column, combined... 

J. Cai and J. Henion, Quantitative multi-residue determination of /3-agonists in bovine urine using on-line immunoaffinity extraction-coupled column packed capillary liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry , 7. Chromatogr. 691 357-370 (1997). 

Motokawa, M. et al. Monohthic sUica columns with various skeleton sizes and through-pore sizes for capillary liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A. 2002, 961, 53-63. 

Lu, C.Y. and Feng, C.H. Micro-scale analysis of aminoglycoside antibiotics in human plasma by capillary liquid chromatography and nanospray tandem mass spectrometry with column switching. J. Chrvmatogr. A. 2007, 1156, 249-253. 

The previous restrictions are not trivial and affect most liquid chromatography applications of current interest. The flow-rate restrictions make this technique amenable to capillary liquid chromatography — which uses rates of a few microlitres per minute — only. Alternatively, some type of post-column flow splitting can be used in conjunction with larger columns. The conductivity restriction precludes the use of ion-exchange and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with highly conductive mobile modifiers. Finally, the surface restriction excludes the use of most aqueous mobile phases (e.g. those used for the separation of polar compounds on reversed-phase columns) [84]. 

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