Capacity to respond

However, PVA is also extensively used in other different forms, such as gel matrices, micro and nano spheres, aerosols, aqueous solution, films, powder etc. Although some of the different types of PVA gels have been referred in chapter 3.3, it still remains much more to say. This clearly proves that PVA is an old, yet new polymer or, in other words, an old polymer with a promising future, due to its capacity to respond to all the actual society priorities clean technologies, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, intelligent materials. 

All geneticists are agreed that what is inherited by organisms from their forebears is a range of capacities to respond to a range of environments. The characteristics that an organism possesses are fundamentally the outcome of the interaction of heredity and environment. If we state that characteristics are inherited, we make a false implication that environment had nothing to do with their production. This is never the case. 

The capacity to respond to a change in the environment or the influence of some signal. 

Children and family social work services in the UK are chronically understaffed the remaining staff are often demotivated and stressed by the volume of work, and the strain of working with difficult, frequently highly conflictual and chronic child protection cases. Many of the drug workers and health visitors expressed their sense of social work as a service in crisis, with extremely limited capacity to respond to anything other than the worst child protection cases, triggered usually by incidents rather than the chronic accumulation of problems ... 

In a way, these norms correspond to the ideal organisation of a laboratory. Certain rules are difficult to respect, particularly those of recording the flow of information acquired by instruments, which would require enormous amounts of computer memory. As a result, no laboratory presently has the capacity to respond 100% to the norms of archiving all raw data acquired by an instrument. Nevertheless, GPL represents a charter of laboratory operations, which has the advantage that it defines problems, provides answers and gives responsibilities to every person implicated in each stage of analysis. 

Another kind of environmental interaction may result when in a homeostatic adjustment to the pollutant, the plant sacrifices part of its capacity to respond to environmental fluctuations. For example, the metabolic adjustment to fluorides may increase the susceptibility to nutrient stress. This hypothesis could explain why some symptoms of chronic fluoride toxicity resemble those produced by Mn, Fe, or Zn deficiencies. If air pollution is one environmental factor that alters the susceptibility of the plant to other environmental stress, it would also be logical to expect an interaction between pollutants if the receptor is exposed to two or more of them. Such interactive effects have been found. Sub-threshold concentrations of SOL> and 03 or S02 and N02 produce foliar lesions when plants are exposed to both pollutants (34). Additionally, plants exposed to S02 differ from non-fumigated plants in their resistance to subsequent fumigations (35). Thus the plants susceptibility or capacity to adapt to a pollutant is altered by concurrent exposures to another or consecutive exposures to the same one. 

Animals to be used for immunological research show pronounced differences in their capacity to respond to specific antigens, including those containing carbohydrates. Such differences are genetically controlled and the selection of animals for immunization should be on the basis of a preliminary test. It is well to immunize a group of animals for short periods, and select those individuals which give the best response in preliminary trials for futher immunization and for production of antibodies. 

Enhancement of a local community s capacity to respond (e.g., health care coordination across the entire health community, including health departments, hospitals, clinics, and home care agencies). 

The events of 9/11 and subsequent anthrax attacks underscored the need for U.S. health care organizations and public health agencies to be prepared to respond to acts of bioterrorism and other public health emergencies. Many states and health care organizations and systems have developed preparedness plans that include enhancing surge capacity to respond to such events. 

Fe-requirements of Trichodesmium as compared to other phytoplankters (Berman-Frank et ai, 2001b) contribute to this notion. Whether Fe limits N2-fixation in free-living cyanobacteria Hke Crocosphaera, Cyanothece, and possibly even in endosymbionts Hke Richelia needs to be estabbshed. Certainly, the two former cyanobacteria do have the capacity to respond to Fe-limiting conditions (Webb et ah, 2001). 

The long tetracosactride test (see later) or measurements of plasma corticotropin concentration may be used to assess recovery of adrenal responsiveness, but a positive result should not be taken to indicate full recovery of the patient s ability to respond to stressful situations the latter is best shown by an adequate response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (which additionally tests the hypothalamic/pituitary capacity to respond). 

Williams etal., 1990) and CDS" T cell clones (Otten and Germain, 1991). Indeed, faced with an anergic stimulus ThO clones are repotted to lose the capacity to respond to IL-2 and to exhibit a Tn2-like cytokine profile (Jenkins etal., 1990). The resistance ofTH2 cells to IL-2-induced anetgy may explain their participation in long-lived IgE antibody responses. 

ACD is a hypoprolrferative anemia that has traditionally been associated with infectious or inflammatory processes, tissue injury, or conditions associated with the release of proinflammatory cytokines. Alternative names include anemia of inflammation and cytokine-mediated anemia. The pathogenesis of the anemia of chronic disorders is based on three abnormalities shortened erythrocyte survival, impaired marrow response, and disturbance of iron metabolism. Pathologically, the RBCs have a shortened life span, and the bone marrow s capacity to respond to EPO is inadequate to maintain normal Hgb concentration. The cause of this defect is still uncertain, but appears to involve a block in the release of iron from the reticuloendothelial cells of the marrow. Various cytokines, such as interleukin-1, interferon-y, and tumor necrosis factor released during these illnesses may inhibit the production or action of EPO or the production of RBCs. ... 

Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the passage of copious amounts of very dilute urine. It is caused by either an inadequate synthesis of vasopressin or the failure of the kidney to respond to vasopressin. The most common causes of diabetes insipidus are tumors and surgical procedures in which the neurohypophyseal nerve tracts are cut. In several forms of kidney disease, the organ s capacity to respond to vasopressin is compromised. 

Once the hazardous nature of the facility s inventory have been assessed, management should evaluate its capacity to respond to each potential type of incident. Deficiencies identified in the response plan should be addressed as the plan is developed. 

The then NATO Supreme Commander, General Alexander Haig, soon to become President Reagan s Secretary of State, told reporters in 1978 that NATO s ability to wage war with chemicals was very weak . Sometime in the near future, he said, this will have to be reassessed .38 His successor as Supreme Commander went further. We ought to be able to respond with chemical weapons , he said, and they ought to know we have that capacity to respond .39 Ten years after Nixon s decision to suspend the manufacture of chemical weapons, by the end of the so-called Disarmament Decade, the advocates of chemical rearmament included some of the most senior figures in the military establishment. 

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