Cancer prevention flavonoids and

BiRT D F, HENDRicH s and WANG w (2001) Dietary agents in cancer prevention flavonoids and iso flavonoids. Pharmacol Then 90 (2-3) 157-77. 

Birt, D.F., Hendrich, S., and Wang, W.Q., Dietary agents in cancer prevention flavonoids and... 

Birt, D.F., Hendrich, S., and Wang, W. 2001. Dietary agents in cancer prevention Flavonoids and isoflavonoids. Pharmacol. Ther. 90.157-177. Coward, L., Baines, N.C., Setchell, K.D.R., and Barnes, S. 1993. Genistein, daidzein, and their P-glucoside conjugates Antitumor isoflavones in soybean foods from American and Asian diets. 

Li B, Birt DF. In vivo and in vitro percutaneus absorption of cancer preventive flavonoid apigenin in different vehicles in mouse skin. Pharmacol Res 1996 13 1710-5. 

Kuo, S.M., Dietary flavonoid and cancer prevention evidence and potential mechanism, Crit. Rev. Oncogenesis, 8,47-69, 1997. 

Resveratrol is another type of polyphenol, a stilbene derivative, that has assumed greater relevance in recent years as a constituent of grapes and wine, as well as other food products, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet, and cancer preventative properties. Coupled with the cardiovascular benefits of moderate amounts of alcohol, and the beneficial antioxidant effects of flavonoids, red wine has now emerged as an unlikely but most acceptable medicinal agent. 

The interaction of flavonoids with MDR proteins is of interest not only in the field of cancer prevention and therapy but also in the field of flavonoid bioavailability. Indeed, using specific inhibitors of MDR proteins, it was shown that multiresistant protein 2 (MRP2), but not Pgp, is involved in the efflux of quercetin conjugates from human hepatic cells. Similar observations were made with the cell line Caco-2 (a popular model for human intestinal absorption) where MRP2 was found responsible for the efficient efflux of chrysin after its conjugation into a mixture of glucuronide and sulfate. ... 

A major group of citrus compounds interacting with drugs are phenolics, which include hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids such as flavanones, fla-vones, and flavonols, and anthocyanins, as well as coumarins (Table 1, Fig. 1) (30). Many of these phenolic compounds have been shown to have antioxidant and anticancer properties that may play an important role in cancer prevention, but also in prevention of other chronic diseases such as coronary heart disease, gout, and arthritis (58 60). 

Mukhtar, H., and Ahmad, N., 2000, Tea polyphenols prevention of cancer and optimizing health, Am. J. Clin. Nutrition 71 suppl.) 1698S-1702S. Neuhouser, M. L., 2004, Dietary flavonoids and cancer risk evidence from human population studies, Nutr. Cancer 50 1-7. 

Das A, Wang JH and Lien EJ (1994) Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and cancer preventing activities of flavonoids a structure-system-activity relationship (SSAR) analysis. Prog Drug Res 42, 133-166. 

The observation of a lower incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and certain types of cancers in the Mediterranean area led to the hypothesis that a diet rich in grain, legumes, fresh fruits and vegetables, wine in moderate amounts, and olive oil was beneficial to human health. To date, this effect has been mainly attributed to the low saturated fat intake of the Mediterranean diet and its high proportion of monounsaturates, which indeed may favorably affect the plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles. Nevertheless, other components of the diet, such as fiber, vitamins, flavonoids, and phenols, may play an important role in disease prevention, acting on different cardiovascular variables. 

Abbreviations ATBC, a- locopherol /t-Carotene Cancer prevention Caerphilly, Welsh country study- Europe FD, Flavonoids and Dementia FMC, Finnish Mobile Clinical examination HPFS, Health Professional Follow-up Study IWHS, Iowa Women s Health Study Rotterdam, Nederland-Europe WHS, Women s Health Study—female health professional, postmenopausal, or not intending to become pregnant Zuphten, was part of the Seven Country Study on the relationship between food and chronic diseases. 

The ability of phytochemicals to modulate cell cycle can be useful in evaluating and optimizing cancer prevention by these compounds. Studies reported here demonstrate that phytochemicals may differentially impact cell cycle and cell number depending upon the mutations in the cancer cell. In addition, cell cycle regulatory proteins are altered by phytochemicals in ways that may explain the cell cycle modulation. The fact that structural features of flavonoids impact cell cycle modulation suggests that cell cycle modulation may be useful in identifying the most active compounds for colon cancer prevention. Finally, cell cycle modulation studies can inform us on plant modifications that may be useful for nutritional enhancement. 

Numerous health benefits have been reported or claimed for flavonoids and isoflavones, such as in cancer prevention, cardiovascular effects, and relief of menopausal syndromes. However, concerns have been raised about potential adverse effects, such as enhancement of reproductive organs and anti-thyroid effects. In order to evaluate potential beneficial or hazardous health effects from flavonoids. 

Simultaneous with the in vitro research, reports are appearing from the nutritional and human medical areas focusing on bioavailability of flavonoids and the importance of dietary antioxidants in preventing diseases such as coronary heart disease, cancer, vision deterioration and aging in vivo. When these two approaches meet in the hopefully not-too-distant future, the results should reveal scientifically sound conclusions regarding the health benefits of flavonoids. Although there is still much to be learned, there are indications that the scientific approach may reaffirm the basis for many of the remedies known from traditional therapeutic use of grape and berry products in folk medicine. 

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