Cancer, nitrosamine-induced

Fong LYY, Sivak A, Newberne PM. 1978. Zinc deficiency and methylbenzyl- nitrosamine- induced esophageal cancer in rats. J Nat Can Inst 61 145-150. 

J.L., Steele, VE., Kelloff, G.J., Hill, DL., and Seibert. K. (2000) Celecoxib Inhibits A-Butyl-A-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-Induced Urinary Bladder Cancers in Male B6D2F1 Mice and Female Fischer-344 Rats, Cancer Res. 60,5599-5602. 

Yang M, Tanaka T, Hirose Y et al (1997) Chemopreventive effects of diosmin and hesperidin on N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine-induced urinary-bladder carcinogenesis in male ICR mice. Int J Cancer 73 719-724... 

The adverse properties of red beet preparations are without doubt, their high nitrate content, their unpleasant smell due to pyrazine derivatives and geosmin with a low odor threshold, and finally the risk of carry-over of earth-bound germs. - " Since nitrate has been associated with nitrite and nitrosamine formation, the latter exhibiting cancer-inducing properties, procedures have been developed to reduce the nitrate content of red beet preparations. This has been achieved by microbial denitrification. - ... 

Unfortunately, not all combinations of chemical additives in water-based fluids are completely compatible, and side reactions leading to various byproducts have been noted. The best known of these side reactions is the reaction between the corrosion inhibitor nitrite and the emulsifiers di- and triethanolamine (7) to form N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDE1A), a nitrosamine reported to have carcinogenic activity (8, 9, 10). In fact, most nitrosamines are carcinogenic, and no animal species which has been tested is resistant to nitrosa mine-induced cancer. Although there is no direct evidence that firmly links human cancer to nitrosamines, it is unlikely that humans should be uniquely resistant. 

NOC constitute a large category of genotoxic chemical carcinogens occurring in human diet and are known to induce cancer in experimental animals. Nitrosamines are generally found in foods since they are more stable than nitrosamides. Some NOC precursors do not act directly but must be converted to other nitrosation species. 

NT087 Hoffmann, D., M. V. Djordjevic, A. Rivenson, E. Zang, D. Desai, and S. Amin. A study of tobacco carcinogenesis. LI. Relative potencies of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines as inducers of lung tumours in A/J mice. Cancer Lett 1993 71(1-3) 25-30. 

Masi, T. et al. 2005. Nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino) -1 - (3-pyridyl) -1-butanone-induced pulmonary adenocarcinomas in Syrian golden hamsters contain beta-2-adrenergic receptor single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 44 (2), 212-217. 

Although there are preliminary data supporting the antitumoral activity of quercetin, the most common flavonoid, in humans in the course of a Phase I clinical trial [189], direct evidence of the anticancer effect of flavonoids is derived almost exclusively from studies performed in animal models as well as studies performed on cultured cell lines, Fig. (2). Most animal studies on gastrointestinal cancer have focused on colon cancer using the azoxymethane (AOM) model in rats or mice [190-197]. There are also available reports on models of cancer of the stomach (induced by benzo[a]pyrene [198] or N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitro so guanidine [199]), oesophagus (N-methyl-N-amylnitrosamine [200]), and the tongue/oral cavity (methyl-(acetoxymethyl)-nitrosamine [198], 7,12-dimethyl-... 

E lipid-soluble antioxidant, prevents lipid oxidation of membranes, needed for healthy blood cells and tissues, blocks nitrosamine formation, protects PUFAs from autoxidation, important for normal immune fimction neuromuscular disorders, red blood ceU mpture (both uncommon) reduces risk of chronic disease (cardio-vascular, precancerous lesions, cancer), immunoenhancement, protec-tion from exercise-induced muscle injury, improves metaboHc control, re-duces risk of compHcations in diabetes... 

The presence of nitrites has both a positive and negative impact on food safety. On one hand, in many countries, a correlation between stomach and liver cancers, induced probably by nitrosamines, and the amount of nitrites consumed is observed (Fine et al., 1982). On the other hand, nitrites inhibit the growth of Clostridium botulinum, thus reducing the risk of food contamination by botulinum toxins. Moreover, under the acidic conditions of the stomach, where they are involved in the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines, nitrites are capable of neutralizing carcinogens formed as a result of protein pyrolysis (Pariza, 1982). 

Den Engelse L, Hollander CF, Misdorp W. 1974. A sex-dependent difference in the type of tumours induced by dimethyl nitrosamine in the livers of C3HF mice. Eur J Cancer 10 129-135. 

Mehta R, Silinskas KC, Zucker PF, et al. 1987. Micronucleus formation induced in rat liver and esophagus by nitrosamines. Cancer Lett 35 313-320. 

Birt DF, Lawson TA, Julius AD, et al. 1982. Inhibition by dietary selenium of colon cancer induced in the rat by bis(2-oxopropyl) nitrosamine. Cancer Res 42 4455-4459. 

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